add storage full error to xextension/storage

[mattsains]

Description

This adds an error for when the storage extension runs out of space. Extensions can return this error when it's not possible to store data because the maximum allowable/possible space has been reached.

Link to tracking issue

Fixes #12634

Testing

I have been working on the filestorage extension and have a draft PR that uses this error: open-telemetry/opentelemetry-collector-contrib#39667

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 91.66%. Comparing base (f26c6bb) to head (5446012).
Report is 2 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main   #12925   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   91.66%   91.66%           
=======================================
  Files         499      499           
  Lines       27425    27425           
=======================================
  Hits        25140    25140           
  Misses       1806     1806           
  Partials      479      479           

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