[Platform support] support Ubuntu 24.04

[sisodia1701]

Ubuntu 24.04 support in RAPIDS 24.12

• Currently supported platforms (RAPIDS 24.06) - CUDA 12.2, Python 3.11, and Ubuntu 22.04.
• Latest available platforms - CUDA 12.5 (May 2024), Python 3.12 (October 2023), and Ubuntu 24.04 (April 2024).

Ubuntu 24.04 is currently blocked. Once nvidia/cuda images for Ubuntu 24.04 are available, the team can start implementing and add the support.

Once the nvidia/cuda images for Ubuntu 24.04 become available, the team to initiate the implementation process and integrate support for the new version into RAPIDS.

[bdice]

nvidia/cuda images are now available for CUDA 12.5.1+. https://hub.docker.com/r/nvidia/cuda/tags?name=ubuntu24.04

We should work on this for RAPIDS 24.12.

[bdice]

I have a PR open to add Ubuntu 24.04 CI images: rapidsai/ci-imgs#195

I also have a draft PR to add Ubuntu 24.04 to our CI testing matrix: rapidsai/shared-workflows#248

[jameslamb]

I took the "in RAPIDS 24.08" off the title of this, as that isn't true. We track the target version in a field on the issue.