[Core] Consolidate all node configurations into a new `configs` package

[Olshansk]

Objective

Simplify the codebase and consolidate configurations.

Origin Document

A few different mechanisms for configuration management were discussed in #234 and a compromise was reached. However, there are slight challenges to how new developers approach the codebase (e.g. understanding where the configs are), verification and validation.

Goals

• Design & Identify patterns of how we should manage configs in the codebase
• Create a single package encapsulating all the logic related to configs
• Remove the onus of independent modules to design their own configs
• Enforce any module substitutes to conform to the configs in the shared package
• Improve readability & understandability of all the configs across the codebase

Deliverable

• A PR that consolidates all the configs into a single package under the root director
• Refactoring & organize all existing configs into the package created above
• An updated README explaining how configs are managed & maintained in the codebase

Non-goals / Non-deliverables

• Introducing new validation logic for existing configs
• Updating any existing configs

General issue deliverables

• Update the appropriate CHANGELOG(s)
• Update any relevant local/global README(s)
• Update relevant source code tree explanations
• Add or update any relevant or supporting mermaid diagrams

Testing Methodology

• All tests: make test_all
• LocalNet: verify a LocalNet is still functioning correctly by following the instructions at docs/development/README.md

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Creator: @Olshansk
Co-Owners: @deblasis