otelconf: Register ComponentProvider

[pellared]

@axw, I think we should also make it possible to

which could theoretically be done with the minsev processor, but that's not available through otelconf.

I think we need to add the following functionality: https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification/blob/main/specification/configuration/sdk.md#register-componentprovider

Originally posted by @pellared in #7549

This feature would have to be split into multiple sub-issues/PRs that would include:

• add Register function that registers a new "parser" for a component
• for each component type: add support and register "builtin" types (this would replace the current usages of e.g. autoexport)
• add an example (e.g. something like minsev log processor or https://pkg.go.dev/go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/log#example-FilterProcessor)

This feature must support registration (and later resolving) of components which contain other components (such as minsev which wraps another log processor.