Extract storage configuration for components into a separate module

[swiatekm]

Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.
Components need to use storage extensions for various purposes. There should be a standard way of configuring storage for a component, given the potential for multiple storage extensions coexisting.

See the following contrib issue for examples and some discussion: open-telemetry/opentelemetry-collector-contrib#10915.

Describe the solution you'd like
We should add a configstorage module similar to configauth which defines the configuration, and which other components can then use. For the actual configuration, explicitly setting the storage like it's done here: #5784 seems to be the consensus. For example:

extensions:
  filestorage/example1: {}
  filestorage/example2: {}
receivers:
  filelog:
    storage: filestorage/example1
exporters:
  otlphttp:
    endpoint: <ENDPOINT>
    sending_queue:
      enabled: true
      storage: filestorage/example2

Additional context
The following contrib issue was where the discussion started: open-telemetry/opentelemetry-collector-contrib#10915.
Additional discussion in the persistent queue PR: #5784 (comment)
Impromptu Collector SIG notes on this topic: open-telemetry/opentelemetry-collector-contrib#12871 (comment)

[swiatekm]

Components in core which currently do this:

• exporterhelper

Components in contrib which currently do this:

• filelogreceiver
• sqlqueryreceiver
• ackextension
• mongodbatlasreceiver
• groupbytraceprocessor