Converted to dotnet standard 2.1

src/Neo.Cryptography.BLS12_381/Bls12.Adder.cs

@@ -29,10 +29,10 @@ Fp12 IMillerLoopDriver<Fp12>.AdditionStep(in Fp12 f)
             return Ell(in f, in coeffs, in P);
         }
 
-        static Fp12 IMillerLoopDriver<Fp12>.SquareOutput(in Fp12 f) => f.Square();
+        public static Fp12 SquareOutput(in Fp12 f) => f.Square();
 
-        static Fp12 IMillerLoopDriver<Fp12>.Conjugate(in Fp12 f) => f.Conjugate();
+        public static Fp12 Conjugate(in Fp12 f) => f.Conjugate();
 
-        static Fp12 IMillerLoopDriver<Fp12>.One => Fp12.One;
+        public static Fp12 One => Fp12.One;
     }
 }

src/Neo.Cryptography.BLS12_381/Fp.cs

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ namespace Neo.Cryptography.BLS12_381;
 
     private static readonly Fp _zero = new();
 
-    static int INumber<Fp>.Size => Size;
+    //static int INumber<Fp>.Size => Size;
     public static ref readonly Fp Zero => ref _zero;
     public static ref readonly Fp One => ref R;
 
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ public override int GetHashCode()
 
     public byte[] ToArray()
     {
-        byte[] result = GC.AllocateUninitializedArray<byte>(Size);
+        byte[] result = new byte[Size];
         TryWrite(result);
         return result;
     }
@@ -139,7 +139,12 @@ public bool TryWrite(Span<byte> buffer)
 
     public override string ToString()
     {
-        return "0x" + Convert.ToHexString(ToArray()).ToLowerInvariant();
+        var data = ToArray();
+        var output = string.Empty;
+        foreach (var b in data)
+            output += b.ToString("x2");
+
+        return "0x" + output.ToLowerInvariant();
     }
 
     public bool LexicographicallyLargest()

src/Neo.Cryptography.BLS12_381/Fp12.cs

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ namespace Neo.Cryptography.BLS12_381;
     private static readonly Fp12 _zero = new();
     private static readonly Fp12 _one = new(in Fp6.One);
 
-    static int INumber<Fp12>.Size => Size;
+    //static int INumber<Fp12>.Size => Size;
     public static ref readonly Fp12 Zero => ref _zero;
     public static ref readonly Fp12 One => ref _one;
 
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ public override int GetHashCode()
 
     public byte[] ToArray()
     {
-        byte[] result = GC.AllocateUninitializedArray<byte>(Size);
+        byte[] result = new byte[Size];
         TryWrite(result);
         return result;
     }

src/Neo.Cryptography.BLS12_381/Fp2.cs

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ namespace Neo.Cryptography.BLS12_381;
     private static readonly Fp2 _zero = new();
     private static readonly Fp2 _one = new(in Fp.One);
 
-    static int INumber<Fp2>.Size => Size;
+    //static int INumber<Fp2>.Size => Size;
     public static ref readonly Fp2 Zero => ref _zero;
     public static ref readonly Fp2 One => ref _one;
 
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ public override int GetHashCode()
 
     public byte[] ToArray()
     {
-        byte[] result = GC.AllocateUninitializedArray<byte>(Size);
+        byte[] result = new byte[Size];
         TryWrite(result);
         return result;
     }

src/Neo.Cryptography.BLS12_381/Fp6.cs

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ namespace Neo.Cryptography.BLS12_381;
     private static readonly Fp6 _zero = new();
     private static readonly Fp6 _one = new(in Fp2.One);
 
-    static int INumber<Fp6>.Size => Size;
+    //static int INumber<Fp6>.Size => Size;
     public static ref readonly Fp6 Zero => ref _zero;
     public static ref readonly Fp6 One => ref _one;
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ public override int GetHashCode()
 
     public byte[] ToArray()
     {
-        byte[] result = GC.AllocateUninitializedArray<byte>(Size);
+        byte[] result = new byte[Size];
         TryWrite(result);
         return result;
     }

src/Neo.Cryptography.BLS12_381/G1Affine.cs

@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ public byte[] ToCompressed()
 
     public byte[] ToUncompressed()
     {
-        byte[] res = GC.AllocateUninitializedArray<byte>(96);
+        byte[] res = new byte[96];
 
         ConditionalSelect(in X, in Fp.Zero, Infinity).TryWrite(res.AsSpan(0..48));
         ConditionalSelect(in Y, in Fp.Zero, Infinity).TryWrite(res.AsSpan(48..96));

src/Neo.Cryptography.BLS12_381/G2Affine.cs

@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ public byte[] ToCompressed()
         // to guard against implementation mistakes we do not assume this.
         var x = ConditionalSelect(in X, in Fp2.Zero, Infinity);
 
-        var res = GC.AllocateUninitializedArray<byte>(96);
+        var res = new byte[96];
 
         x.C1.TryWrite(res.AsSpan(0..48));
         x.C0.TryWrite(res.AsSpan(48..96));
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ public byte[] ToCompressed()
 
     public byte[] ToUncompressed()
     {
-        var res = GC.AllocateUninitializedArray<byte>(192);
+        var res = new byte[192];
 
         var x = ConditionalSelect(in X, in Fp2.Zero, Infinity);
         var y = ConditionalSelect(in Y, in Fp2.Zero, Infinity);

src/Neo.Cryptography.BLS12_381/G2Prepared.Adder.cs

@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ public Adder(in G2Affine q)
             return null;
         }
 
-        static object? IMillerLoopDriver<object?>.SquareOutput(in object? f) => null;
+        public static object? SquareOutput(in object? f) => null;
 
-        static object? IMillerLoopDriver<object?>.Conjugate(in object? f) => null;
+        public static object? Conjugate(in object? f) => null;
 
-        static object? IMillerLoopDriver<object?>.One => null;
+        public static object? One => null;
     }
 }

src/Neo.Cryptography.BLS12_381/IMillerLoopDriver.cs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ interface IMillerLoopDriver<T>
 {
     public T DoublingStep(in T f);
     public T AdditionStep(in T f);
-    public static abstract T SquareOutput(in T f);
-    public static abstract T Conjugate(in T f);
-    public static abstract T One { get; }
+    //public static abstract T SquareOutput(in T f);
+    //public static abstract T Conjugate(in T f);
+    //public static abstract T One { get; }
 }

src/Neo.Cryptography.BLS12_381/INumber.cs

@@ -1,34 +1,142 @@
+using System.Reflection;
+
 namespace Neo.Cryptography.BLS12_381;
 
 interface INumber<T> where T : unmanaged, INumber<T>
 {
-    static abstract int Size { get; }
-    static abstract ref readonly T Zero { get; }
-    static abstract ref readonly T One { get; }
+    //static abstract int Size { get; }
+    //static abstract ref readonly T Zero { get; }
+    //static abstract ref readonly T One { get; }
 
-    static abstract T operator -(in T x);
-    static abstract T operator +(in T x, in T y);
-    static abstract T operator -(in T x, in T y);
-    static abstract T operator *(in T x, in T y);
+    //static abstract T operator -(in T x);
+    //static abstract T operator +(in T x, in T y);
+    //static abstract T operator -(in T x, in T y);
+    //static abstract T operator *(in T x, in T y);
 
     abstract T Square();
 }
 
 static class NumberExtensions
 {
+    public static int Size<T>() where T : unmanaged, INumber<T>
+    {
+        var propertyInfo = typeof(T).GetProperty("Size", BindingFlags.Static);
+        if (propertyInfo != null)
+        {
+            return (int)propertyInfo.GetValue(null);
+        }
+        throw new InvalidOperationException("Property Size not found on type " + typeof(T).Name);
+    }
+
+    public static T Zero<T>() where T : unmanaged, INumber<T>
+    {
+        var propertyInfo = typeof(T).GetProperty("Zero", BindingFlags.Static);
+        if (propertyInfo != null)
+        {
+            return (T)propertyInfo.GetValue(null);
+        }
+        throw new InvalidOperationException("Property Zero not found on type " + typeof(T).Name);
+    }
+
+    public static T One<T>() where T : unmanaged, INumber<T>
+    {
+        // Try to get the 'One' property.
+        var propertyInfo = typeof(T).GetProperty("One", BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Public);
+        if (propertyInfo != null)
+        {
+            return (T)propertyInfo.GetValue(null);
+        }
+
+        // If 'One' is not a property, try to get it as a field.
+        var fieldInfo = typeof(T).GetField("One", BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Public);
+        if (fieldInfo != null)
+        {
+            return (T)fieldInfo.GetValue(null);
+        }
+
+        throw new InvalidOperationException("Property or Field 'One' not found on type " + typeof(T).Name);
+    }
+
+    public static T Add<T>(in T x, in T y) where T : unmanaged, INumber<T>
+    {
+        // Define the parameter types for the multiplication operator
+        Type[] paramTypes = { typeof(T).MakeByRefType(), typeof(T).MakeByRefType() };
+
+        // Attempt to find the multiplication operator
+        MethodInfo method = typeof(T).GetMethod("op_Addition", BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Public, null, paramTypes, null);
+
+        if (method != null)
+        {
+            return (T)method.Invoke(null, new object[] { x, y });
+        }
+        throw new InvalidOperationException("Addition operator not found for type " + typeof(T).Name);
+    }
+
+    public static T Subtract<T>(in T x, in T y) where T : unmanaged, INumber<T>
+    {
+        // Define the parameter types for the multiplication operator
+        Type[] paramTypes = { typeof(T).MakeByRefType(), typeof(T).MakeByRefType() };
+
+        // Attempt to find the multiplication operator
+        MethodInfo method = typeof(T).GetMethod("op_Subtraction", BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Public, null, paramTypes, null);
+
+        if (method != null)
+        {
+            return (T)method.Invoke(null, new object[] { x, y });
+        }
+        throw new InvalidOperationException("Subtraction operator not found for type " + typeof(T).Name);
+    }
+
+    public static T Multiply<T>(in T x, in T y) where T : unmanaged, INumber<T>
+    {
+        // Define binding flags to search for public and static members
+        var bindingFlags = BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Public;
+
+        // Define the parameter types for the multiplication operator
+        Type[] paramTypes = { typeof(T).MakeByRefType(), typeof(T).MakeByRefType() };
+
+        // Attempt to find the multiplication operator
+        MethodInfo method = typeof(T).GetMethod("op_Multiply", bindingFlags, null, paramTypes, null);
+
+        if (method != null)
+        {
+            return (T)method.Invoke(null, new object[] { x, y });
+        }
+
+        throw new InvalidOperationException("Multiplication operator not found for type " + typeof(T).Name);
+    }
+
+    public static T Negate<T>(in T x) where T : unmanaged, INumber<T>
+    {
+        // Define binding flags to search for public and static members
+        var bindingFlags = BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Public;
+
+        // Define the parameter types for the multiplication operator
+        Type[] paramTypes = { typeof(T).MakeByRefType() };
+
+        // Attempt to find the multiplication operator
+        MethodInfo method = typeof(T).GetMethod("op_UnaryNegation", bindingFlags, null, paramTypes, null);
+
+        if (method != null)
+        {
+            return (T)method.Invoke(null, new object[] { x });
+        }
+        throw new InvalidOperationException("Unary negation operator not found for type " + typeof(T).Name);
+    }
+
     public static T PowVartime<T>(this T self, ulong[] by) where T : unmanaged, INumber<T>
     {
         // Although this is labeled "vartime", it is only
         // variable time with respect to the exponent.
-        var res = T.One;
+        var res = One<T>();
         for (int j = by.Length - 1; j >= 0; j--)
         {
             for (int i = 63; i >= 0; i--)
             {
                 res = res.Square();
                 if (((by[j] >> i) & 1) == 1)
                 {
-                    res *= self;
+                    res = Multiply(res, self);
                 }
             }
         }

src/Neo.Cryptography.BLS12_381/MathUtility.cs

@@ -18,11 +18,27 @@ public static (ulong result, ulong borrow) Sbb(ulong a, ulong b, ulong borrow)
 
     public static (ulong low, ulong high) Mac(ulong z, ulong x, ulong y, ulong carry)
     {
-        ulong high = Math.BigMul(x, y, out ulong low);
+        ulong high = BigMul(x, y, out ulong low);
         (low, carry) = Adc(low, carry, 0);
         (high, _) = Adc(high, 0, carry);
         (low, carry) = Adc(low, z, 0);
         (high, _) = Adc(high, 0, carry);
         return (low, high);
     }
+
+    public static ulong BigMul(ulong a, ulong b, out ulong low)
+    {
+        uint al = (uint)a;
+        uint ah = (uint)(a >> 32);
+        uint bl = (uint)b;
+        uint bh = (uint)(b >> 32);
+
+        ulong mull = ((ulong)al) * bl;
+        ulong t = ((ulong)ah) * bl + (mull >> 32);
+        ulong tl = ((ulong)al) * bh + (uint)t;
+
+        low = tl << 32 | (uint)mull;
+
+        return ((ulong)ah) * bh + (t >> 32) + (tl >> 32);
+    }
 }

src/Neo.Cryptography.BLS12_381/MillerLoopUtility.cs

@@ -1,12 +1,31 @@
+using System.Reflection;
 using static Neo.Cryptography.BLS12_381.Constants;
 
 namespace Neo.Cryptography.BLS12_381;
 
 static class MillerLoopUtility
 {
+    public static T SquareOutput<T, D>(in T f) where D : IMillerLoopDriver<T>
+    {
+        MethodInfo methodInfo = typeof(D).GetMethod("SquareOutput", BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Public);
+        return (T)methodInfo?.Invoke(null, new object[] { f! })!;
+    }
+
+    public static T Conjugate<T, D>(in T f) where D : IMillerLoopDriver<T>
+    {
+        MethodInfo methodInfo = typeof(D).GetMethod("Conjugate", BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Public);
+        return (T)methodInfo?.Invoke(null, new object[] { f! })!;
+    }
+
+    public static T One<T, D>() where D : IMillerLoopDriver<T>
+    {
+        var methodInfo = typeof(D).GetMethod("get_One", BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Public);
+        return (T)methodInfo?.Invoke(null, null)!;
+    }
+
     public static T MillerLoop<T, D>(D driver) where D : IMillerLoopDriver<T>
     {
-        var f = D.One;
+        var f = One<T, D>();
 
         var found_one = false;
         foreach (var i in Enumerable.Range(0, 64).Reverse().Select(b => ((BLS_X >> 1 >> b) & 1) == 1))
@@ -22,13 +41,13 @@ public static T MillerLoop<T, D>(D driver) where D : IMillerLoopDriver<T>
             if (i)
                 f = driver.AdditionStep(f);
 
-            f = D.SquareOutput(f);
+            f = SquareOutput<T, D>(f);
         }
 
         f = driver.DoublingStep(f);
 
         if (BLS_X_IS_NEGATIVE)
-            f = D.Conjugate(f);
+            f = Conjugate<T, D>(f);
 
         return f;
     }

src/Neo.Cryptography.BLS12_381/Neo.Cryptography.BLS12_381.csproj

@@ -2,9 +2,14 @@
 
   <PropertyGroup>
     <VersionPrefix>0.2.0</VersionPrefix>
-    <TargetFramework>net7.0</TargetFramework>
+    <TargetFrameworks>netstandard2.1;net7.0</TargetFrameworks>
     <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
-    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
+    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
+    <LangVersion>11.0</LangVersion>
   </PropertyGroup>
 
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <PackageReference Include="System.Runtime.CompilerServices.Unsafe" Version="6.0.0" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
 </Project>