feat(config): allow extensions to contribute settings

[jsafyan]

Fixes #12634

[bdmorgan]

Thank you for submission to the Gemini CLI project. At this time, we are closing this pull request in order to allow us to better triage and support more recent pull requests against the latest code changes. If you feel like this pull request is a critical contribution to the Gemini CLI project, please associate the pull request with an existing GitHub issue (instructions here: https://docs.github.com/en/issues/tracking-your-work-with-issues/using-issues/linking-a-pull-request-to-an-issue) before reopening. After Monday January 26 2026, any pull requests submitted by contributors without an associated issue will be automatically closed (more information here: #16706). If you do choose to reopen and submit this pull request, please ensure you rebase your changes onto the current main branch before resubmitting. This will help avoid merge conflicts and ensure your contribution is compatible with the latest codebase.