activate PTB type checker

[MarleneKress79789]

• fix typing, reenable in pre-commit-config -> add following to pre-commit-config

 - repo: local
   hooks:
     - id: type-check
       name: type-check
       types: [ python ]
       pass_filenames: false
       language: system
       entry: poetry run nox -s lint:typing
       stages: [ pre-push ] 

• once project passes type checker checks, reenable in ci by adding the following to checks.yml

  Type-Check:
    name: Type Checking (Python-${{ matrix.python-version }})
    needs: [ Version-Check, build-matrix ]
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix: ${{ fromJson(needs.build-matrix.outputs.matrix) }}

    steps:
      - name: SCM Checkout
        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Setup Python & Poetry Environment
        uses: exasol/python-toolbox/.github/actions/python-environment@0.20.0
        with:
          python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
          poetry-version: 2.0.1

      - name: Run type-check
        run: poetry run nox -s lint:typing

• Test task in checks.yml should deped on the others, so add dependencie to type cheker liek this:

needs: [ Type-Check, Security, build-matrix ]

[ArBridgeman]

Basic type checking was activated in #307

• Fix entries in pyproject.toml [[tool.mypy.overrides]] in modules & remove values & check with lint:typing
• Update minimum pylint value in pyproject.toml
• Add py.typed file too so that in next release downstream usage can use typing