Commands example

This is a repository with a collection of useful commands, scripts and examples for easy copy -> paste

Table of contents

• Linux
  • Examples
  • The proc directory
  • Screen
  • Sysbench
  • Apache Bench
  • Load generator
• Git
• Java
• Docker
  • Tools
  • My Dockerfiles
• Artifactory
• Matrix
• Contribute

Linux

Examples

• Clear memory cache

sync && echo 3 | sudo tee /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

• Create a self-signed SSL key and certificate

mkdir -p certs/my_com
openssl req -nodes -x509 -newkey rsa:4096 -keyout certs/my_com/my_com.key -out certs/my_com/my_com.crt -days 356 -subj "/C=US/ST=California/L=SantaClara/O=IT/CN=localhost"

• Create binary files with random content

# Just one file (1mb)
dd if=/dev/urandom of=file bs=1024 count=1024

# Create 10 files of size ~10MB
for a in {0..9}; do \
  echo ${a}; \
  dd if=/dev/urandom of=file.${a} bs=10240 count=1024; \
done

• Test connection to remote host:port (check port being opened without using netcat or other tools)

# Check if port 8080 is open on remote
bash -c "</dev/tcp/remote/8080" 2>/dev/null
[ $? -eq 0 ] && echo "Port 8080 on host 'remote' is open"

• Suppress Terminated message from the kill on a background process by waiting for it with wait and directing the stderr output to /dev/null. This is from in this stackoverflow answer.

# Call the kill command
kill ${PID}
wait $! 2>/dev/null

• curl variables
  The curl command has the ability to provide a lot of information about the transfer. See curl man page.
  Search for --write-out.
  See all supported variables in curl.format.txt

# Example for getting http response code (variable http_code)
curl -o /dev/null -s --write-out '%{http_code}' https://curl.haxx.se

# Example for one-liner printout of several connection time parameters
curl -w "\ndnslookup: %{time_namelookup} \nconnect: %{time_connect} \nappconnect: %{time_appconnect} \npretransfer: %{time_pretransfer} \nredirect: %{time_redirect} \nstarttransfer: %{time_starttransfer} \n---------\ntotal: %{time_total} \nsize: %{size_download}\n" \
        -so /dev/null https://curl.haxx.se
        
# Example for printing all variables and their values by using an external file with the format
curl -o /dev/null -s --write-out '@files/curl.format.txt' https://curl.haxx.se

• Single binary curl

# Get the archive, extract (notice the xjf parameter to tar) and copy.
wget -O curl.tar.bz2 http://www.magicermine.com/demos/curl/curl/curl-7.30.0.ermine.tar.bz2 && \
    tar xjf curl.tar.bz2 && \
    cp curl-7.30.0.ermine/curl.ermine curl && \
    ./curl --help

• Single static binaries Taken from this cool static-binaries repository

# tcpdump
curl -O https://raw.githubusercontent.com/yunchih/static-binaries/master/tcpdump

• Single static binary vi

# vi (vim)
curl -OL https://eldada.jfrog.io/artifactory/tools/x86_64/vi.tar.gz

• Single static binary jq (Linux). Look in https://stedolan.github.io/jq/download/ for additional flavors

# jq
curl -OL https://github.com/stedolan/jq/releases/download/jq-1.6/jq-linux64

• Get http code using wget (without curl)
  In cases where curl is not available, use wget to get the http code returned from an HTTP endpoint

wget --spider -S -T 2 www.jfrog.org 2>&1 | grep "^  HTTP/" | awk '{print $2}' | tail -1

• Poor man's top shell scripts (in Linux only!). Good for when top is not installed
  Get CPU and memory usage by processes on the current host. Also useful in Linux based Docker containers
  

  • Using data from /proc top.sh script
    
  • Using data from ps -eo top-ps.sh script

• Process info (in Linux only!)
  To get process info using its PID or search string: Command line, environment variables. Use procInfo.sh.

• Add file to WAR file addFileToWar.sh

The proc directory

The /proc file system has all the information about the running processes. See full description in the proc man page.

• Get current processes running (a simple alternative to ps in case it's missing)

for a in $(ls -d /proc/*/); do if [[ -f $a/exe ]]; then ls -l ${a}exe; fi; done

• Get a process command line (see usage in procInfo.sh)

# Assume PID is the process ID you are looking at
cat /proc/${PID}/cmdline | tr '\0' ' '
# or
cat /proc/${PID}/cmdline | sed -z 's/$/ /g'

• Get a process environment variables (see usage in procInfo.sh)

# Assume PID is the process ID you are looking at
cat /proc/${PID}/environ | tr '\0' '\n'
# or
cat /proc/${PID}/environ | sed -z 's/$/\n/g'

• Get load average from disk instead of command

cat /proc/loadavg | awk '{print $1 ", " $2 ", " $3}'

• Get top 10 processes IDs and names sorted with highest time waiting for disk IO (Aggregated block I/O delays, measured in clock ticks)

cut -d" " -f 1,2,42 /proc/[0-9]*/stat | sort -n -k 3 | tail -10

Screen

• Full source in this gist
• screen MacOS man page and bash man page
• The screen command quick reference

# Start a new session with session name
screen -S <session_name>

# List running screens
screen -ls

# Attach to a running session
screen -x

# Attach to a running session with name
screen -r <session_name>

# Detach a running session
screen -d <session_name>

• Screen commands are prefixed by an escape key, by default Ctrl-a (that's Control-a, sometimes written ^a). To send a literal Ctrl-a to the programs in screen, use Ctrl-a a. This is useful when when working with screen within screen. For example Ctrl-a a n will move screen to a new window on the screen within screen.

Description	Command
Exit and close session	Ctrl-d or exit
Detach current session	Ctrl-a d
Detach and logout (quick exit)	Ctrl-a D D
Kill current window	Ctrl-a k
Exit screen	Ctrl-a : quit or exit all of the programs in screen
Force-exit screen	Ctrl-a C-\ (not recommended)

• Help

Description	Command
See help	Ctrl-a ? (Lists keybindings)

Sysbench

Sysbench is a mutli-purpose benchmark that features tests for CPU, memory, I/O, and even database performance testing.
See full content for this section in linuxconfig.org's how to benchmark your linux system.

• Installation (Debian/Ubuntu)

sudo apt install sysbench

• CPU benchmark

sysbench --test=cpu run

• Memory benchmark

sysbench --test=memory run

• I/O benchmark

sysbench --test=fileio --file-test-mode=seqwr run

Apache Bench

From the Apache HTTP server benchmarking tool page: "ab is a tool for benchmarking your Apache Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) server."

# A simple benchmarking of a web server. Running 100 requests with up to 10 concurrent requests
ab -n 100 -c 10 http://www.jfrog.com/

Load generator

A simple createLoad.sh script to create disk IO and CPU load in the current environment. This script just creates and deletes files in a temp directory which strains the CPU and disk IO.
WARNING: Running this script with many threads can bring a system to a halt or even crash it. USE WITH CARE!

./createLoad.sh --threads 10

Git

• Rebasing a branch on master

# Update local copy of master
git checkout master
git pull

# Rebase the branch on the updated master
git checkout my-branch
git rebase master

# Rebase and squash
git rebase master -i

# If problems are found, follow on screen instructions to resolve and complete the rebase.

• Resetting a fork with upstream. WARNING: This will override any local changes in your fork!

git remote add upstream /url/to/original/repo
git fetch upstream
git checkout master
git reset --hard upstream/master  
git push origin master --force 

• Add Signed-off-by line by the committer at the end of the commit log message.

git commit -s -m "Your commit message"

Java

Some useful commands for debugging a java process

# Go to the java/bin directory
cd ${JAVA_HOME}/bin

# Get your java process id
PID=$(ps -ef | grep java | grep -v grep | awk '{print $2}')

# Get JVM native memory usage
# For this, you need your java process to run with the the -XX:NativeMemoryTracking=summary parameter
./jcmd ${PID} VM.native_memory summary

# Get all JVM info
./jinfo ${PID}

# Get JVM flags for a java process
./jinfo -flags ${PID}

# Get JVM heap info 
./jcmd ${PID} GC.heap_info

# Get JVM Metaspace info
./jcmd ${PID} VM.metaspace

# Trigger a full GC
./jcmd ${PID} GC.run

# Java heap memory histogram
./jmap -histo ${PID}
 

Docker

• Allow a user to run docker commands without sudo

sudo usermod -aG docker user
# IMPORTANT: Log out and back in after this change!

• See what Docker is using

docker system df

• Prune Docker unused resources

# Prune system
docker system prune

# Remove all unused Docker images
docker system prune -a

# Prune only parts
docker image/container/volume/network prune

• Remove dangling volumes

docker volume rm $(docker volume ls -f dangling=true -q)

• Quit an interactive session without closing it:

# Ctrl + p + q (order is important)

• Attach back to it

docker attach <container-id>

• Save a Docker image to be loaded in another computer

# Save
docker save -o ~/the.img the-image:tag

# Load into another Docker engine
docker load -i ~/the.img

• Connect to Docker VM on Mac

screen ~/Library/Containers/com.docker.docker/Data/com.docker.driver.amd64-linux/tty
# Ctrl +A +D to exit

• Connect to Rancher Desktop VM on Mac

LIMA_HOME="${HOME}/Library/Application Support/rancher-desktop/lima" "/Applications/Rancher Desktop.app/Contents/Resources/resources/darwin/lima/bin/limactl" shell 0

• Remove none images (usually leftover failed docker builds)

docker images | grep none | awk '{print $3}' | xargs docker rmi

• Using dive to analyse a Docker image

# Must pull the image before analysis
docker pull redis:latest

# Run using dive Docker image
docker run --rm -it -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock wagoodman/dive:latest redis:latest

• Adding health checks for containers that check tcp port being opened without using netcat or other tools in your image

# Check if port 8081 is open
bash -c "</dev/tcp/localhost/8081" 2>/dev/null
[ $? -eq 0 ] && echo "Port 8081 on localhost is open"

Tools

A collection of useful Docker tools

• A simple terminal UI for Docker and docker-compose: lazydocker
• A web based UI for local and remote Docker: Portainer
• Analyse a Docker image with dive

My Dockerfiles

A few Dockerfiles I use in my work

• An Ubuntu with added tools and no root: Dockerfile-ubuntu-with-tools

# For a local build
docker build -f Dockerfile-ubuntu-with-tools -t eldada.jfrog.io/docker/ubuntu-with-tools:24.04 .

# Multi arch build and push
# If needed, create a buildx builder and use it
docker buildx create --platform linux/arm64,linux/amd64 --name build-amd64-arm64
docker buildx use build-amd64-arm64

# Multi arch build and push
docker buildx build --platform linux/arm64,linux/amd64 -f Dockerfile-ubuntu-with-tools -t eldada.jfrog.io/docker/ubuntu-with-tools:24.04 --push .

• An Alpine with added tools: Dockerfile-alpine-with-tools

# For a local build
docker build -f Dockerfile-alpine-with-tools -t eldada.jfrog.io/docker/alpine-with-tools:3.21.0 .

# Multi arch build and push
# If needed, create a buildx builder and use it
docker buildx create --platform linux/arm64,linux/amd64 --name build-amd64-arm64
docker buildx use build-amd64-arm64

# Multi arch build and push
docker buildx build --platform linux/arm64,linux/amd64 -f Dockerfile-alpine-with-tools -t eldada.jfrog.io/docker/alpine-with-tools:3.21.0 --push .

Artifactory

See Artifactory related scripts and examples in artifactory

Matrix

A command line effect of the Matrix (the movie) text

while true; do
  echo $LINES $COLUMNS $((RANDOM % $COLUMNS)) $(printf "\U$((RANDOM % 500))"); sleep 0.04; 
done | awk '{a[$3]=0; for (x in a){o=a[x];a[x]=a[x]+1; printf "\033[%s;%sH\033[2;32m%s",o,x,$4; printf "\033[%s;%sH\033[1;37m%s\033[0;0H", a[x],x,$4; if (a[x]>=$1){a[x]=0;}}}'

Contribute

Contributing is more than welcome with a pull request