GH-36886: [C++] Configure azurite in preparation for testing Azure C++ filesystem

[Tom-Newton]

Rationale for this change

We need to write tests for apache#18014. azurite is like a fake Azure blob storage so it can be used to write integration tests

What changes are included in this PR?

Extract the azurite related changes from apache#12914 to create a smaller PR that's easier to review. I have made very minimal changes compared to that PR.

Currently azurite is configured for all the environments where ARROW_AZURE was enabled by apache#35701. I assume its deliberate that its not enabled yet for windows, alpine, conda, debian or fedora builds.

Are these changes tested?

Its tested by there aren't really any good tests in this PR. I used this azurite config in apache#36835 to make an integration test that uses the Azure C++ SDK. On its own we can't really write tests for this azurite setup PR.

Are there any user-facing changes?

No

[github-actions]

Thanks for opening a pull request!

If this is not a minor PR. Could you open an issue for this pull request on GitHub? https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/new/choose

Opening GitHub issues ahead of time contributes to the Openness of the Apache Arrow project.

Then could you also rename the pull request title in the following format?

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or

MINOR: [${COMPONENT}] ${SUMMARY}

In the case of PARQUET issues on JIRA the title also supports:

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See also:

• Other pull requests
• Contribution Guidelines - How to contribute patches

[github-actions]

❌ GitHub issue apache#36886 could not be retrieved.

[Tom-Newton]

Merged upstream