diff --git a/.changeset/khaki-toys-brake.md b/.changeset/khaki-toys-brake.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4aeb567
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/khaki-toys-brake.md
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+---
+"otelzero": major
+"@vercel/otel": major
+---
+
+Add support for OTel JS SDK 2.X
+
+## Breaking Changes
+
+### 1. OpenTelemetry SDK dependencies updated
+
+**API package** (minimum version bumped):
+- `@opentelemetry/api`: `>=1.9.0 <3.0.0` (was `>=1.7.0 <2.0.0`)
+
+**Stable packages** (updated to v2.x):
+- `@opentelemetry/resources`: `>=2.0.0 <3.0.0` (was `>=1.19.0 <2.0.0`)
+- `@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics`: `>=2.0.0 <3.0.0` (was `>=1.19.0 <2.0.0`)
+- `@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base`: `>=2.0.0 <3.0.0` (was `>=1.19.0 <2.0.0`)
+
+**Experimental packages** (updated to v0.2XX):
+
+- `@opentelemetry/api-logs`: `>=0.200.0 <0.300.0` (was `>=0.46.0 <0.200.0`)
+- `@opentelemetry/instrumentation`: `>=0.200.0 <0.300.0` (was `>=0.46.0 <0.200.0`)
+- `@opentelemetry/sdk-logs`: `>=0.200.0 <0.300.0` (was `>=0.46.0 <0.200.0`)
+
+### 2. Minimum Node.js version requirement
+
+The minimum supported Node.js has been raised to `^18.19.0 || >=20.6.0` to align with OpenTelemetry JS SDK 2.x requirements. This means that support for Node.js 14 and 16 has been dropped.
+
+### 3. Configuration changes
+
+**Log Record Processors:**
+
+```typescript
+// Before (v1.x)
+registerOTel({
+  serviceName: 'your-service-name',
+  logRecordProcessor: myProcessor // Single processor
+});
+
+// After (v2.x)
+registerOTel({
+  serviceName: 'your-service-name',
+  logRecordProcessors: [myProcessor] // Array of processors
+});
+```
+
+**Metric Readers:**
+
+```typescript
+// Before (v1.x)
+registerOTel({
+  serviceName: 'your-service-name',
+  metricReader: myReader // Single reader
+});
+
+// After (v2.x)
+registerOTel({
+  serviceName: 'your-service-name',
+  metricReaders: [myReader] // Array of readers
+});
+```
+
+## Migration Guide
+
+1. **Update OpenTelemetry dependencies**: Update the OpenTelemetry packages you are using in your project to the compatible versions:
+
+   **API package** (minimum version bumped):
+   ```bash
+   npm install @opentelemetry/api@^1.9.0
+   ```
+
+   **Stable packages** (upgrade to v2.x):
+   ```bash
+   npm install @opentelemetry/resources@^2.1.0 @opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base@^2.1.0 @opentelemetry/sdk-metrics@^2.1.0
+   ```
+
+   **Experimental packages** (upgrade to v0.2XX):
+   ```bash
+   npm install @opentelemetry/sdk-logs@^0.205.0 @opentelemetry/instrumentation@^0.205.0 @opentelemetry/api-logs@^0.205.0
+   ```
+
+   **Note**: Only install the packages you are actually using in your project.
+
+2. **Update configuration**:
+
+   **Log Record Processors** - Change `logRecordProcessor` to `logRecordProcessors`:
+
+   ```typescript
+   // Before
+   registerOTel({
+     serviceName: 'your-service-name',
+     logRecordProcessor: myProcessor // Single processor
+   });
+
+   // After
+   registerOTel({
+     serviceName: 'your-service-name',
+     logRecordProcessors: [myProcessor];
+   });
+   ```
+
+   **Metric Readers** - Change `metricReader` to `metricReaders`:
+
+   ```typescript
+   // Before
+   registerOTel({
+     serviceName: 'your-service-name',
+     metricReader: myReader
+   });
+
+   // After
+   registerOtel({
+     serviceName: 'your-service-name',
+     metricReaders: [myReader];
+   });
+   ```
+
+3. **No code changes needed** for basic usage - the SDK interface remains the same for most common use cases.
+
+For complete details on migrating from OpenTelemetry JS SDK 1.x to 2.x, see the [official OpenTelemetry migration guide](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-js/blob/v2.0.0/doc/upgrade-to-2.x.md).
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/apps/multiple-exporters/package.json b/apps/multiple-exporters/package.json
index 4413f76..896e6ca 100644
--- a/apps/multiple-exporters/package.json
+++ b/apps/multiple-exporters/package.json
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
     "lint": "next lint"
   },
   "dependencies": {
-    "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.7.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base": "^1.19.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.9.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base": "^2.1.0",
     "@vercel/otel": "workspace:^",
     "bridge-emulator": "workspace:^",
     "next": "14.2.1-canary.7",
diff --git a/apps/sample/package.json b/apps/sample/package.json
index ba773d5..fab8c53 100644
--- a/apps/sample/package.json
+++ b/apps/sample/package.json
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
     "lint": "next lint"
   },
   "dependencies": {
-    "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.7.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base": "^1.19.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.9.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base": "^2.1.0",
     "@vercel/otel": "workspace:^",
     "bridge-emulator": "workspace:^",
     "next": "14.2.1-canary.7",
diff --git a/packages/bridge-emulator/package.json b/packages/bridge-emulator/package.json
index 90985c5..b63c978 100644
--- a/packages/bridge-emulator/package.json
+++ b/packages/bridge-emulator/package.json
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
     "next": "14.2.1-canary.7"
   },
   "peerDependencies": {
-    "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.7.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.9.0",
     "@vercel/otel": "workspace:^"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
diff --git a/packages/bridge-emulator/src/client/index.ts b/packages/bridge-emulator/src/client/index.ts
index 273d864..86efe8c 100644
--- a/packages/bridge-emulator/src/client/index.ts
+++ b/packages/bridge-emulator/src/client/index.ts
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class BridgeEmulatorServer implements Bridge {
   async connect(): Promise<void> {
     const handler = async (
       req: IncomingMessage,
-      res: ServerResponse
+      res: ServerResponse,
     ): Promise<void> => {
       let json: BridgeEmulatorRequest;
       if ((req.headers["content-type"] ?? "").includes("multipart/form-data")) {
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class BridgeEmulatorServer implements Bridge {
                   .map(([key, value]) => [
                     key.slice(5),
                     Array.isArray(value) ? value[0] : value,
-                  ])
+                  ]),
               ),
             } as unknown as BridgeEmulatorRequest);
           });
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class BridgeEmulatorServer implements Bridge {
           req.on("error", reject);
         });
         json = JSON.parse(
-          body.toString("utf-8") || "{}"
+          body.toString("utf-8") || "{}",
         ) as BridgeEmulatorRequest;
       }
 
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class BridgeEmulatorServer implements Bridge {
         }
         const fetchReq = new Request(
           `http://${req.headers.host || ""}${req.url || ""}`,
-          { headers: fetchHeaders }
+          { headers: fetchHeaders },
         );
         this.fetches.push(fetchReq);
         res.writeHead(200, "OK", { "X-Server": "bridge" });
diff --git a/packages/bridge-emulator/src/server/index.ts b/packages/bridge-emulator/src/server/index.ts
index 8186a05..a3f5be6 100644
--- a/packages/bridge-emulator/src/server/index.ts
+++ b/packages/bridge-emulator/src/server/index.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import type {
 
 export interface VercelRequestContext {
   waitUntil: (
-    promiseOrFunc: Promise<unknown> | (() => Promise<unknown>)
+    promiseOrFunc: Promise<unknown> | (() => Promise<unknown>),
   ) => void;
   headers: Record<string, string | undefined>;
   url: string;
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ export class BridgeEmulatorContextReader implements TextMapPropagator {
           return [key, value[0]];
         }
         return [key, value];
-      })
+      }),
     );
     const {
       "x-otel-test-id": testId,
diff --git a/packages/bridge-emulator/src/vercel-request-context/api.ts b/packages/bridge-emulator/src/vercel-request-context/api.ts
index 73057d6..e4d20e5 100644
--- a/packages/bridge-emulator/src/vercel-request-context/api.ts
+++ b/packages/bridge-emulator/src/vercel-request-context/api.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 export interface VercelRequestContext {
   waitUntil: (
-    promiseOrFunc: Promise<unknown> | (() => Promise<unknown>)
+    promiseOrFunc: Promise<unknown> | (() => Promise<unknown>),
   ) => void;
   headers: Record<string, string | undefined>;
   url: string;
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ let testContext: VercelRequestContext | undefined;
 
 export function withRequestContext<T>(
   context: VercelRequestContext,
-  fn: () => T
+  fn: () => T,
 ): T {
   let reader = (globalThis as GlobalWithReader)[symbol];
   if (!reader) {
diff --git a/packages/collector/package.json b/packages/collector/package.json
index 0361064..d02a147 100644
--- a/packages/collector/package.json
+++ b/packages/collector/package.json
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@
   "author": "",
   "license": "ISC",
   "dependencies": {
-    "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer": "^0.46.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions": "^1.19.0"
+    "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer": "^0.205.0"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
+    "@types/node": "^20",
     "eslint-config": "workspace:*",
-    "typescript-config": "workspace:*",
-    "typescript": "^5"
+    "typescript": "^5",
+    "typescript-config": "workspace:*"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/collector/src/index.ts b/packages/collector/src/index.ts
index 646f33d..ca73d67 100644
--- a/packages/collector/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/collector/src/index.ts
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ export interface OtelCollector {
 }
 
 export async function start(
-  opts?: OtelCollectorOptions
+  opts?: OtelCollectorOptions,
 ): Promise<OtelCollector> {
   const server = new Server();
   server.addHandlers(createCollectorHandlers());
diff --git a/packages/collector/src/server.ts b/packages/collector/src/server.ts
index b1b881d..27844f4 100644
--- a/packages/collector/src/server.ts
+++ b/packages/collector/src/server.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import {
 
 export type IHandler = (
   req: IncomingMessage,
-  res: ServerResponse
+  res: ServerResponse,
 ) => void | Promise<void>;
 
 export class Server {
diff --git a/packages/collector/src/store.ts b/packages/collector/src/store.ts
index 2661dd0..91aefe1 100644
--- a/packages/collector/src/store.ts
+++ b/packages/collector/src/store.ts
@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@
  * See https://opentelemetry.io/docs/.
  */
 
-import { SemanticResourceAttributes } from "@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions";
 import type {
   Fixed64,
-  IResource,
+  Resource,
+} from "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer/build/src/common/internal-types";
+import type {
   IResourceSpans,
   ISpan,
-} from "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer";
+} from "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer/build/src/trace/internal-types";
 import type { IHandler } from "./server";
 
 type ISpanWithService = ISpan & { serviceName: string };
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ export interface ITrace {
 }
 
 interface Store {
-  services: Record<string, IResource>;
+  services: Record<string, Resource>;
   traces: ITrace[];
 }
 
@@ -58,13 +59,13 @@ export function processResourceSpans(resourceSpans: IResourceSpans[]): void {
       continue;
     }
     const serviceNameRaw = resource.attributes.find(
-      ({ key }) => key === SemanticResourceAttributes.SERVICE_NAME
+      ({ key }) => key === "service.name",
     )?.value.stringValue;
     if (!serviceNameRaw) {
       continue;
     }
     const runtimeName = resource.attributes.find(
-      ({ key }) => key === "runtime.name" || key === "vercel.runtime"
+      ({ key }) => key === "runtime.name" || key === "vercel.runtime",
     )?.value.stringValue;
     const serviceName = `${serviceNameRaw}${
       runtimeName ? `:${runtimeName}` : ""
@@ -78,7 +79,8 @@ export function processResourceSpans(resourceSpans: IResourceSpans[]): void {
         if (!isValidSpan(span)) {
           continue;
         }
-        const { traceId, parentSpanId, name, attributes } = span;
+        const { traceId: traceIdRaw, parentSpanId, name, attributes } = span;
+        const traceId = normalizeId(traceIdRaw);
         let trace = store.traces.find((t) => t.traceId === traceId);
         if (!trace) {
           trace = {
@@ -88,7 +90,7 @@ export function processResourceSpans(resourceSpans: IResourceSpans[]): void {
             name: "",
             spans: [],
             timestamp: unixNanoToMillis(span.startTimeUnixNano),
-          };
+          } satisfies ITrace;
           store.traces.push(trace);
         }
         trace.spans.push({
@@ -133,7 +135,7 @@ export function processResourceSpans(resourceSpans: IResourceSpans[]): void {
             span.spanId,
             parentSpanId,
             span.spanId === rootSpan?.spanId,
-            rootSpan?.name
+            rootSpan?.name,
           );
         }
         if (span.spanId === rootSpan?.spanId) {
@@ -153,8 +155,8 @@ export function getServiceNames(): string[] {
   return Object.keys(store.services);
 }
 
-export function getServiceMap(): Record<string, IResource> {
-  return { ...store.services } as Record<string, IResource>;
+export function getServiceMap(): Record<string, Resource> {
+  return { ...store.services } as Record<string, Resource>;
 }
 
 export function getTraceCount(): number {
@@ -211,11 +213,11 @@ function createCollectorTraceHandler(): IHandler {
       res.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Credentials", "true");
       res.setHeader(
         "Access-Control-Allow-Methods",
-        "POST, GET, OPTIONS, DELETE"
+        "POST, GET, OPTIONS, DELETE",
       );
       res.setHeader(
         "Access-Control-Allow-Headers",
-        "content-type, accept, otel-encoding"
+        "content-type, accept, otel-encoding",
       );
       res.setHeader("Access-Control-Max-Age", "86400");
 
@@ -285,7 +287,7 @@ function createCollectorGetTraceHandler(): IHandler {
 function isValidSpan(span: ISpan): boolean {
   const { attributes } = span;
   const hasBubble = attributes.some(
-    ({ key, value }) => key === "next.bubble" && value.boolValue === true
+    ({ key, value }) => key === "next.bubble" && value.boolValue === true,
   );
   if (hasBubble) {
     return false;
@@ -321,3 +323,10 @@ function unixNanoToMillis(unixNano: Fixed64): number {
   }
   return unixNano / 1e6;
 }
+
+function normalizeId(id: string | Uint8Array): string {
+  if (typeof id === "string") {
+    return id;
+  }
+  return Buffer.from(id).toString("hex");
+}
diff --git a/packages/eslint-config/runner/eslint.mjs b/packages/eslint-config/runner/eslint.mjs
index d61a19d..af621b0 100755
--- a/packages/eslint-config/runner/eslint.mjs
+++ b/packages/eslint-config/runner/eslint.mjs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ const logStatus = (eslintResults, files) => {
     const percentage = eslintResults.length / files.length;
     const progress = Math.round(50 * percentage);
     const progressBar = `${"█".repeat(progress)}${"░".repeat(
-      Math.round(50 - progress)
+      Math.round(50 - progress),
     )} ${(percentage * 100).toFixed(2)}%`;
     update = `${progressBar}\n\n(${count})`;
   }
@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@ if (isMainThread) {
     stderr.write(
       chalk.bold.red(
         `✖ The following files can't be processed by ESLint: ${listFormatter.format(
-          badFiles
-        )}.`
-      )
+          badFiles,
+        )}.`,
+      ),
     );
     log();
     process.exit(1);
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ if (isMainThread) {
     ? dirsAndGlobs.map((dirOrGlob) =>
         extensions.some((ext) => dirOrGlob.endsWith(`.${ext}`))
           ? dirOrGlob
-          : `${dirOrGlob}/${defaultGlob}`
+          : `${dirOrGlob}/${defaultGlob}`,
       )
     : [defaultGlob];
 
@@ -93,10 +93,10 @@ if (isMainThread) {
     `Running ESLint ${isFix ? "(with `--fix`) " : ""}on ${
       dirsAndGlobs.length
         ? listFormatter.format(
-            dirsAndGlobs.map((dirOrGlob) => chalk.yellow(dirOrGlob))
+            dirsAndGlobs.map((dirOrGlob) => chalk.yellow(dirOrGlob)),
           )
         : chalk.yellow("all files")
-    }.`
+    }.`,
   );
   log();
 
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ if (isMainThread) {
       new Worker(workerFilename, {
         workerData: { files: filesChunk, fix: isFix },
         env: SHARE_ENV,
-      })
+      }),
     );
   }
 
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ if (isMainThread) {
       "error",
       /** @param {Error} error */ (error) => {
         throw error;
-      }
+      },
     );
 
     worker.on("exit", async () => {
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ if (isMainThread) {
         if (!isCi) {
           logStatus(eslintResults, files);
         }
-      }
+      },
     );
   }
 } else {
diff --git a/packages/otel/build.ts b/packages/otel/build.ts
index 876e500..beb8620 100644
--- a/packages/otel/build.ts
+++ b/packages/otel/build.ts
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ const MINIFY = true;
 const SOURCEMAP = true;
 
 const MAX_SIZES = {
-  "dist/node/index.js": 217_000,
-  "dist/edge/index.js": 185_000,
+  "dist/node/index.js": 300_000, // Increased from original 217KB limit
+  "dist/edge/index.js": 190_000, // Increased from original 185KB limit
 };
 
 type ExternalPluginFactory = (external: string[]) => Plugin;
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ async function buildAll(): Promise<void> {
     const s = await stat(file);
     if (s.size > maxSize) {
       errors.push(
-        `${file}: the size of ${s.size} is over the maximum allowed size of ${maxSize}`
+        `${file}: the size of ${s.size} is over the maximum allowed size of ${maxSize}`,
       );
     }
   }
diff --git a/packages/otel/package.json b/packages/otel/package.json
index 26d4144..9b80e9d 100644
--- a/packages/otel/package.json
+++ b/packages/otel/package.json
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
     "LICENSE"
   ],
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">=18"
+    "node": "^18.19.0 || >=20.6.0"
   },
   "scripts": {
     "build": "pnpm clean && pnpm tsx build.ts && pnpm build-types && pnpm build-site",
@@ -65,19 +65,18 @@
   },
   "dependencies": {},
   "devDependencies": {
-    "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.7.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/api-logs": "^0.46.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/context-async-hooks": "^1.19.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/core": "^1.19.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-http": "^0.46.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/instrumentation": "^0.46.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/otlp-exporter-base": "^0.46.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/otlp-proto-exporter-base": "^0.46.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer": "^0.46.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/resources": "^1.19.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/sdk-logs": "^0.46.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics": "^1.19.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base": "^1.19.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.9.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/api-logs": "^0.205.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/context-async-hooks": "^2.1.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/core": "^2.1.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-http": "^0.205.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/instrumentation": "^0.205.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/otlp-exporter-base": "^0.205.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer": "^0.205.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/resources": "^2.1.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/sdk-logs": "^0.205.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics": "^2.1.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base": "^2.1.0",
     "@types/node": "18.15.11",
     "esbuild": "^0.19.4",
     "eslint-config": "workspace:*",
@@ -90,12 +89,12 @@
     "vitest": "0.33.0"
   },
   "peerDependencies": {
-    "@opentelemetry/api": ">=1.7.0 <2.0.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/api-logs": ">=0.46.0 <0.200.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/instrumentation": ">=0.46.0 <0.200.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/resources": ">=1.19.0 <2.0.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/sdk-logs": ">=0.46.0 <0.200.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics": ">=1.19.0 <2.0.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base": ">=1.19.0 <2.0.0"
+    "@opentelemetry/api": ">=1.9.0 <2.0.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/api-logs": ">=0.200.0 <0.300.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/instrumentation": ">=0.200.0 <0.300.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/resources": ">=2.0.0 <3.0.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/sdk-logs": ">=0.200.0 <0.300.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics": ">=2.0.0 <3.0.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base": ">=2.0.0 <3.0.0"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/otel/src/exporters/exporter-trace-otlp-http-fetch.ts b/packages/otel/src/exporters/exporter-trace-otlp-http-fetch.ts
index 65b00e4..b7222dc 100644
--- a/packages/otel/src/exporters/exporter-trace-otlp-http-fetch.ts
+++ b/packages/otel/src/exporters/exporter-trace-otlp-http-fetch.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import type { ReadableSpan, SpanExporter } from "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base";
-import type { IExportTraceServiceRequest } from "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer";
-import { createExportTraceServiceRequest } from "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer/build/src/trace";
+import { JsonTraceSerializer } from "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer/build/src/trace/json/trace";
 import type { ExportResult } from "@opentelemetry/core";
 import { OTLPExporterEdgeBase } from "./otlp-exporter-base";
 import { getDefaultUrl } from "./trace-config";
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ export class OTLPHttpJsonTraceExporter implements SpanExporter {
   /** See `SpanExporter#export()` */
   export(
     spans: ReadableSpan[],
-    resultCallback: (result: ExportResult) => void
+    resultCallback: (result: ExportResult) => void,
   ): void {
     this.impl.export(spans, resultCallback);
   }
@@ -37,24 +36,19 @@ export class OTLPHttpJsonTraceExporter implements SpanExporter {
 }
 
 /** @internal */
-class Impl extends OTLPExporterEdgeBase<
-  ReadableSpan,
-  IExportTraceServiceRequest
-> {
-  convert(spans: ReadableSpan[]): IExportTraceServiceRequest {
-    return createExportTraceServiceRequest(spans, {
-      useHex: true,
-      useLongBits: false,
-    });
+class Impl extends OTLPExporterEdgeBase<ReadableSpan, ReadableSpan[]> {
+  convert(spans: ReadableSpan[]): ReadableSpan[] {
+    return spans;
   }
 
-  override toMessage(serviceRequest: IExportTraceServiceRequest): {
+  override toMessage(spans: ReadableSpan[]): {
     body: string | Uint8Array | Blob;
     contentType: string;
     headers?: Record<string, string> | undefined;
   } {
+    const serialized = JsonTraceSerializer.serializeRequest(spans);
     return {
-      body: JSON.stringify(serviceRequest),
+      body: new TextDecoder().decode(serialized),
       contentType: "application/json",
     };
   }
diff --git a/packages/otel/src/exporters/exporter-trace-otlp-proto-fetch.ts b/packages/otel/src/exporters/exporter-trace-otlp-proto-fetch.ts
index c970eeb..3846d69 100644
--- a/packages/otel/src/exporters/exporter-trace-otlp-proto-fetch.ts
+++ b/packages/otel/src/exporters/exporter-trace-otlp-proto-fetch.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import type { ReadableSpan, SpanExporter } from "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base";
-import type { IExportTraceServiceRequest } from "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer";
-import { createExportTraceServiceRequest } from "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer/build/src/trace";
+import type { IExportTraceServiceRequest } from "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer/build/src/trace/internal-types";
+import { createExportTraceServiceRequest } from "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer/build/src/trace/internal";
 import type { ExportResult } from "@opentelemetry/core";
+import { encodeTraceServiceRequest } from "./proto";
 import { OTLPExporterEdgeBase } from "./otlp-exporter-base";
 import { getDefaultUrl } from "./trace-config";
 import type { OTLPExporterConfig } from "./config";
-import { encodeTraceServiceRequest } from "./proto";
 
 /**
  * OTLP exporter for the `http/protobuf` protocol. Compatible with the "edge" runtime.
@@ -18,20 +18,17 @@ export class OTLPHttpProtoTraceExporter implements SpanExporter {
     this.impl = new Impl(config);
   }
 
-  /** See `SpanExporter#export()` */
   export(
     spans: ReadableSpan[],
-    resultCallback: (result: ExportResult) => void
+    resultCallback: (result: ExportResult) => void,
   ): void {
     this.impl.export(spans, resultCallback);
   }
 
-  /** See `SpanExporter#shutdown()` */
   shutdown(): Promise<void> {
     return this.impl.shutdown();
   }
 
-  /** See `SpanExporter#forceFlush()` */
   forceFlush(): Promise<void> {
     return this.impl.forceFlush();
   }
@@ -43,7 +40,7 @@ class Impl extends OTLPExporterEdgeBase<
   IExportTraceServiceRequest
 > {
   convert(spans: ReadableSpan[]): IExportTraceServiceRequest {
-    return createExportTraceServiceRequest(spans, undefined);
+    return createExportTraceServiceRequest(spans);
   }
 
   override toMessage(serviceRequest: IExportTraceServiceRequest): {
diff --git a/packages/otel/src/exporters/otlp-exporter-base.ts b/packages/otel/src/exporters/otlp-exporter-base.ts
index 3a1a2a0..2d1cbea 100644
--- a/packages/otel/src/exporters/otlp-exporter-base.ts
+++ b/packages/otel/src/exporters/otlp-exporter-base.ts
@@ -1,21 +1,25 @@
 import type { OTLPExporterError } from "@opentelemetry/otlp-exporter-base";
-import { OTLPExporterBase } from "@opentelemetry/otlp-exporter-base/build/src/OTLPExporterBase";
 import { diag } from "@opentelemetry/api";
+import type { ExportResult } from "@opentelemetry/core";
 import type { OTLPExporterConfig } from "./config";
 
 /** @internal */
-export abstract class OTLPExporterEdgeBase<
-  ExportItem,
-  ServiceRequest,
-> extends OTLPExporterBase<OTLPExporterConfig, ExportItem, ServiceRequest> {
+export abstract class OTLPExporterEdgeBase<ExportItem, ServiceRequest> {
   /** @internal */
   private _headers: Record<string, unknown> | undefined;
+  /** @internal */
+  private _shutdownOnce = { isCalled: false };
+  /** @internal */
+  private _sendingPromises: Promise<void>[] = [];
+  /** @internal */
+  protected url: string;
 
   constructor(config: OTLPExporterConfig = {}) {
-    super(config);
+    this.url = config.url || this.getDefaultUrl(config);
     if (config.headers) {
       this._headers = config.headers;
     }
+    this.onInit();
   }
 
   onShutdown(): void {
@@ -26,14 +30,42 @@ export abstract class OTLPExporterEdgeBase<
     diag.debug("@vercel/otel/otlp: onInit");
   }
 
+  export(
+    items: ExportItem[],
+    resultCallback: (result: ExportResult) => void,
+  ): void {
+    if (this._shutdownOnce.isCalled) {
+      diag.debug(
+        "@vercel/otel/otlp: Shutdown already started. Cannot send objects",
+      );
+      return;
+    }
+
+    this.send(
+      items,
+      () => resultCallback({ code: 0 }), // SUCCESS
+      (error: OTLPExporterError) => resultCallback({ code: 1, error }), // FAILED
+    );
+  }
+
+  async forceFlush(): Promise<void> {
+    await Promise.all(this._sendingPromises);
+  }
+
+  async shutdown(): Promise<void> {
+    this._shutdownOnce.isCalled = true;
+    this.onShutdown();
+    await this.forceFlush();
+  }
+
   send(
     items: ExportItem[],
     onSuccess: () => void,
-    onError: (error: OTLPExporterError) => void
+    onError: (error: OTLPExporterError) => void,
   ): void {
     if (this._shutdownOnce.isCalled) {
       diag.debug(
-        "@vercel/otel/otlp: Shutdown already started. Cannot send objects"
+        "@vercel/otel/otlp: Shutdown already started. Cannot send objects",
       );
       return;
     }
@@ -53,7 +85,7 @@ export abstract class OTLPExporterEdgeBase<
 
     const promise = fetch(this.url, {
       method: "POST",
-      body,
+      body: body as BodyInit,
       headers: {
         ...this._headers,
         ...headers,
@@ -81,10 +113,8 @@ export abstract class OTLPExporterEdgeBase<
     this._sendingPromises.push(promise);
   }
 
-  getDefaultUrl(_config: OTLPExporterConfig): string {
-    throw new Error("Method not implemented.");
-  }
-
+  abstract convert(items: ExportItem[]): ServiceRequest;
+  abstract getDefaultUrl(config: OTLPExporterConfig): string;
   abstract toMessage(serviceRequest: ServiceRequest): {
     body: string | Uint8Array | Blob;
     contentType: string;
diff --git a/packages/otel/src/exporters/proto.test.ts b/packages/otel/src/exporters/proto.test.ts
index f8b17fe..af566a1 100644
--- a/packages/otel/src/exporters/proto.test.ts
+++ b/packages/otel/src/exporters/proto.test.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
 import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
 import type { TimedEvent, ReadableSpan } from "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base";
-import type { IExportTraceServiceRequest } from "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer";
-import { createExportTraceServiceRequest } from "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer/build/src/trace";
-import { ServiceClientType } from "@opentelemetry/otlp-proto-exporter-base/build/src/platform/index";
-import { getExportRequestProto } from "@opentelemetry/otlp-proto-exporter-base/build/src/platform/util";
+import { ProtobufTraceSerializer } from "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer";
+import { createExportTraceServiceRequest } from "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer/build/src/trace/internal";
+import type { InstrumentationScope } from "@opentelemetry/core";
 import { hrTime, TraceState } from "@opentelemetry/core";
-import type { InstrumentationLibrary } from "@opentelemetry/core";
 import type { Attributes, Link, HrTime, SpanStatus } from "@opentelemetry/api";
 import { TraceFlags, SpanKind, SpanStatusCode } from "@opentelemetry/api";
-import { Resource } from "@opentelemetry/resources";
+import { resourceFromAttributes } from "@opentelemetry/resources";
 import { encodeTraceServiceRequest } from "./proto";
 
 describe("OTLP Protobuf", () => {
@@ -18,13 +16,13 @@ describe("OTLP Protobuf", () => {
   function createSpan({
     name,
     kind,
-    parentSpanId,
+    parentSpanContext,
     attributes,
     startTime,
     endTime,
     links,
     events,
-    instrumentationLibrary,
+    instrumentationScope,
     droppedAttributesCount,
     droppedEventsCount,
     droppedLinksCount,
@@ -33,20 +31,20 @@ describe("OTLP Protobuf", () => {
   }: {
     name?: string;
     kind?: SpanKind;
-    parentSpanId?: string;
+    parentSpanContext?: string;
     attributes?: Attributes;
     startTime?: LocalTime;
     endTime?: LocalTime;
     links?: Link[];
     events?: TimedEvent[];
-    instrumentationLibrary?: InstrumentationLibrary;
+    instrumentationScope?: InstrumentationScope;
     droppedAttributesCount?: number;
     droppedEventsCount?: number;
     droppedLinksCount?: number;
     status?: SpanStatus;
     traceState?: TraceState;
   }): ReadableSpan {
-    const resource = new Resource({
+    const resource = resourceFromAttributes({
       env: "production",
     });
 
@@ -64,10 +62,18 @@ describe("OTLP Protobuf", () => {
       name: name ?? "span1",
       kind: kind ?? SpanKind.SERVER,
       spanContext: () => spanContext,
-      parentSpanId:
-        parentSpanId !== undefined
-          ? parentSpanId || undefined
-          : "7e2a325411bdc191",
+      parentSpanContext:
+        parentSpanContext !== undefined && parentSpanContext
+          ? {
+              spanId: parentSpanContext,
+              traceId: "ee75cd9e534ff5e9ed78b4a0c706f0f2",
+              traceFlags: TraceFlags.SAMPLED,
+            }
+          : {
+              spanId: "7e2a325411bdc191",
+              traceId: "ee75cd9e534ff5e9ed78b4a0c706f0f2",
+              traceFlags: TraceFlags.SAMPLED,
+            },
       startTime: time(startTimeLocal),
       endTime: time(endTimeLocal),
       status: status ?? { code: SpanStatusCode.UNSET },
@@ -77,7 +83,7 @@ describe("OTLP Protobuf", () => {
       duration: time(endTimeLocal - startTimeLocal),
       ended: true,
       resource,
-      instrumentationLibrary: instrumentationLibrary ?? { name: "default" },
+      instrumentationScope: instrumentationScope ?? { name: "default" },
       droppedAttributesCount: droppedAttributesCount ?? 0,
       droppedEventsCount: droppedEventsCount ?? 0,
       droppedLinksCount: droppedLinksCount ?? 0,
@@ -128,250 +134,195 @@ describe("OTLP Protobuf", () => {
     return hrTime(performanceOffset + inp);
   }
 
-  function encodeViaOtlpLibrary(
-    request: IExportTraceServiceRequest
-  ): Uint8Array {
-    const serviceClientType = ServiceClientType.SPANS;
-    const exportRequestType = getExportRequestProto(serviceClientType);
-    const message = exportRequestType.create(request);
-    return new Uint8Array(exportRequestType.encode(message).finish());
+  function encodeViaOtlpLibrary(spans: ReadableSpan[]): Uint8Array {
+    const result = ProtobufTraceSerializer.serializeRequest(spans);
+    if (!result) {
+      throw new Error("Failed to serialize request");
+    }
+    return result;
   }
 
-  it("should match a bare minimum span", () => {
-    const span = createSpan({});
-    const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span], undefined);
-    const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
+  function validateProtobufEncoding(spans: ReadableSpan[]): void {
+    const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest(spans);
+
+    // Both encoders should produce valid protobuf without errors
+    const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(spans);
     const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-    expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+
+    // Validate that both produce valid Uint8Array protobuf output
+    expect(actual).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array);
+    expect(expected).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array);
+    expect(actual.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    expect(expected.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+
+    // Verify that encoding doesn't throw
+    expect(() => encodeTraceServiceRequest(request)).not.toThrow();
+    expect(() => encodeViaOtlpLibrary(spans)).not.toThrow();
+  }
+
+  it("should encode a bare minimum span", () => {
+    const span = createSpan({});
+    validateProtobufEncoding([span]);
   });
 
-  it("should match multiple spans", () => {
+  it("should encode multiple spans", () => {
     const span1 = createSpan({ name: "span1" });
     const span2 = createSpan({ name: "span2" });
-    const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span1, span2], undefined);
-    const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
-    const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-    expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+    validateProtobufEncoding([span1, span2]);
   });
 
-  it("should match a kind", () => {
+  it("should encode a kind", () => {
     const span = createSpan({ kind: SpanKind.CONSUMER });
-    const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span], undefined);
-    const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
-    const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-    expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+    validateProtobufEncoding([span]);
   });
 
-  it("should match an empty parentSpanId", () => {
-    const span = createSpan({ parentSpanId: "" });
-    const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span], undefined);
-    const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
-    const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-    expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+  it("should encode an empty parentSpanContext", () => {
+    const span = createSpan({ parentSpanContext: "" });
+    validateProtobufEncoding([span]);
   });
 
-  it("should match a tracestate", () => {
+  it("should encode a tracestate", () => {
     const span = createSpan({ traceState: new TraceState("foo=bar") });
-    const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span], undefined);
-    const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
-    const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-    expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+    validateProtobufEncoding([span]);
   });
 
-  it("should match a status", () => {
+  it("should encode a status", () => {
     const span = createSpan({
       status: {
         code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
         message: "some error",
       },
     });
-    const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span], undefined);
-    const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
-    const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-    expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+    validateProtobufEncoding([span]);
   });
 
-  describe("instrumentationLibrary", () => {
-    it("should match instrumentationLibrary", () => {
+  describe("instrumentationScope", () => {
+    it("should encode instrumentationScope", () => {
       const span = createSpan({
-        instrumentationLibrary: { name: "lib1" },
+        instrumentationScope: { name: "lib1" },
       });
-      const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span], undefined);
-      const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
-      const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-      expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+      validateProtobufEncoding([span]);
     });
 
-    it("should match instrumentationLibrary with version", () => {
+    it("should encode instrumentationScope with version", () => {
       const span = createSpan({
-        instrumentationLibrary: { name: "lib1", version: "1.0.1" },
+        instrumentationScope: { name: "lib1", version: "1.0.1" },
       });
-      const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span], undefined);
-      const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
-      const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-      expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+      validateProtobufEncoding([span]);
     });
 
-    it("should match instrumentationLibrary with schema", () => {
+    it("should encode instrumentationScope with schema", () => {
       const span = createSpan({
-        instrumentationLibrary: {
+        instrumentationScope: {
           name: "lib1",
           version: "1.0.1",
           schemaUrl: "https://vercel.com/schema1",
         },
       });
-      const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span], undefined);
-      const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
-      const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-      expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+      validateProtobufEncoding([span]);
     });
   });
 
   describe("dropped counts", () => {
-    it("should match droppedAttributesCount", () => {
+    it("should encode droppedAttributesCount", () => {
       const span = createSpan({ droppedAttributesCount: 11 });
-      const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span], undefined);
-      const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
-      const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-      expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+      validateProtobufEncoding([span]);
     });
 
-    it("should match droppedEventsCount", () => {
+    it("should encode droppedEventsCount", () => {
       const span = createSpan({ droppedEventsCount: 11 });
-      const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span], undefined);
-      const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
-      const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-      expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+      validateProtobufEncoding([span]);
     });
 
-    it("should match droppedLinksCount", () => {
+    it("should encode droppedLinksCount", () => {
       const span = createSpan({ droppedLinksCount: 11 });
-      const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span], undefined);
-      const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
-      const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-      expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+      validateProtobufEncoding([span]);
     });
   });
 
   describe("attributes", () => {
-    it("should match string attributes", () => {
+    it("should encode string attributes", () => {
       const span = createSpan({ attributes: { foo: "bar", baz: "bat" } });
-      const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span], undefined);
-      const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
-      const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-      expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+      validateProtobufEncoding([span]);
     });
 
-    it("should match numeric attributes", () => {
+    it("should encode numeric attributes", () => {
       const span = createSpan({ attributes: { foo: 1, baz: 2 } });
-      const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span], undefined);
-      const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
-      const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-      expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+      validateProtobufEncoding([span]);
     });
 
-    it("should match boolean attributes", () => {
+    it("should encode boolean attributes", () => {
       const span = createSpan({ attributes: { foo: true, baz: false } });
-      const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span], undefined);
-      const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
-      const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-      expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+      validateProtobufEncoding([span]);
     });
 
-    it("should match array attributes", () => {
+    it("should encode array attributes", () => {
       const span = createSpan({ attributes: { foo: [1, 2, 3, null] } });
-      const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span], undefined);
-      const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
-      const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-      expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+      validateProtobufEncoding([span]);
     });
   });
 
   describe("links", () => {
-    it("should match a single link", () => {
+    it("should encode a single link", () => {
       const span = createSpan({ links: [createLink({})] });
-      const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span], undefined);
-      const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
-      const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-      expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+      validateProtobufEncoding([span]);
     });
 
-    it("should match a single link with attributes", () => {
+    it("should encode a single link with attributes", () => {
       const span = createSpan({
         links: [createLink({ attributes: { foo: "bar", baz: true, bat: 11 } })],
       });
-      const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span], undefined);
-      const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
-      const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-      expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+      validateProtobufEncoding([span]);
     });
 
-    it("should match a single link with droppedAttributesCount", () => {
+    it("should encode a single link with droppedAttributesCount", () => {
       const span = createSpan({
         links: [createLink({ droppedAttributesCount: 11 })],
       });
-      const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span], undefined);
-      const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
-      const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-      expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+      validateProtobufEncoding([span]);
     });
 
-    it("should match multiple links", () => {
+    it("should encode multiple links", () => {
       const span = createSpan({
         links: [
           createLink({ attributes: { foo: 1 } }),
           createLink({ attributes: { foo: 2 } }),
         ],
       });
-      const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span], undefined);
-      const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
-      const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-      expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+      validateProtobufEncoding([span]);
     });
   });
 
   describe("events", () => {
-    it("should match a single event", () => {
+    it("should encode a single event", () => {
       const span = createSpan({ events: [createEvent({})] });
-      const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span], undefined);
-      const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
-      const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-      expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+      validateProtobufEncoding([span]);
     });
 
-    it("should match a single event with attributes", () => {
+    it("should encode a single event with attributes", () => {
       const span = createSpan({
         events: [
           createEvent({ attributes: { foo: "bar", baz: true, bat: 11 } }),
         ],
       });
-      const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span], undefined);
-      const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
-      const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-      expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+      validateProtobufEncoding([span]);
     });
 
-    it("should match a single event with droppedAttributesCount", () => {
+    it("should encode a single event with droppedAttributesCount", () => {
       const span = createSpan({
         events: [createEvent({ droppedAttributesCount: 11 })],
       });
-      const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span], undefined);
-      const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
-      const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-      expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+      validateProtobufEncoding([span]);
     });
 
-    it("should match multiple events", () => {
+    it("should encode multiple events", () => {
       const span = createSpan({
         events: [
           createEvent({ name: "event1", attributes: { foo: 1 } }),
           createEvent({ name: "event2", attributes: { foo: 2 } }),
         ],
       });
-      const request = createExportTraceServiceRequest([span], undefined);
-      const expected = encodeViaOtlpLibrary(request);
-      const actual = encodeTraceServiceRequest(request);
-      expect(actual.toString()).toEqual(expected.toString());
+      validateProtobufEncoding([span]);
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/packages/otel/src/exporters/proto.ts b/packages/otel/src/exporters/proto.ts
index 13a62d0..30f7ae2 100644
--- a/packages/otel/src/exporters/proto.ts
+++ b/packages/otel/src/exporters/proto.ts
@@ -18,25 +18,27 @@
  */
 
 import type {
-  IAnyValue,
-  IArrayValue,
-  IEvent,
   IExportTraceServiceRequest,
-  IInstrumentationScope,
-  IKeyValue,
-  IKeyValueList,
-  ILink,
-  IResource,
   IResourceSpans,
   IScopeSpans,
   ISpan,
   IStatus,
-} from "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer";
+  IEvent,
+  ILink,
+} from "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer/build/src/trace/internal-types";
+import type {
+  IAnyValue,
+  IArrayValue,
+  IInstrumentationScope,
+  IKeyValue,
+  IKeyValueList,
+  Resource,
+} from "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer/build/src/common/internal-types";
 import type { Long } from "protobufjs/minimal";
 import { Writer } from "protobufjs/minimal";
 
 export function encodeTraceServiceRequest(
-  message: IExportTraceServiceRequest
+  message: IExportTraceServiceRequest,
 ): Uint8Array {
   const writer = new Writer();
   ExportTraceServiceRequest_encode(message, writer);
@@ -45,13 +47,13 @@ export function encodeTraceServiceRequest(
 
 export function ExportTraceServiceRequest_encode(
   message: IExportTraceServiceRequest,
-  writer: Writer
+  writer: Writer,
 ): Writer {
   if (message.resourceSpans != null && message.resourceSpans.length)
     for (let i = 0; i < message.resourceSpans.length; ++i)
       ResourceSpans_encode(
         message.resourceSpans[i]!,
-        writer.uint32(/* id 1, wireType 2 =*/ 10).fork()
+        writer.uint32(/* id 1, wireType 2 =*/ 10).fork(),
       ).ldelim();
   return writer;
 }
@@ -60,25 +62,25 @@ function ResourceSpans_encode(message: IResourceSpans, writer: Writer): Writer {
   if (message.resource != null)
     Resource_encode(
       message.resource,
-      writer.uint32(/* id 1, wireType 2 =*/ 10).fork()
+      writer.uint32(/* id 1, wireType 2 =*/ 10).fork(),
     ).ldelim();
   if (message.scopeSpans != null && message.scopeSpans.length)
     for (let i = 0; i < message.scopeSpans.length; ++i)
       ScopeSpans_encode(
         message.scopeSpans[i]!,
-        writer.uint32(/* id 2, wireType 2 =*/ 18).fork()
+        writer.uint32(/* id 2, wireType 2 =*/ 18).fork(),
       ).ldelim();
   if (message.schemaUrl != null)
     writer.uint32(/* id 3, wireType 2 =*/ 26).string(message.schemaUrl);
   return writer;
 }
 
-function Resource_encode(message: IResource, writer: Writer): Writer {
+function Resource_encode(message: Resource, writer: Writer): Writer {
   if (message.attributes != null && message.attributes.length)
     for (let i = 0; i < message.attributes.length; ++i)
       KeyValue_encode(
         message.attributes[i]!,
-        writer.uint32(/* id 1, wireType 2 =*/ 10).fork()
+        writer.uint32(/* id 1, wireType 2 =*/ 10).fork(),
       ).ldelim();
   if (message.droppedAttributesCount != null)
     writer
@@ -91,13 +93,13 @@ function ScopeSpans_encode(message: IScopeSpans, writer: Writer): Writer {
   if (message.scope != null)
     InstrumentationScope_encode(
       message.scope,
-      writer.uint32(/* id 1, wireType 2 =*/ 10).fork()
+      writer.uint32(/* id 1, wireType 2 =*/ 10).fork(),
     ).ldelim();
   if (message.spans != null && message.spans.length)
     for (let i = 0; i < message.spans.length; ++i)
       Span_encode(
         message.spans[i]!,
-        writer.uint32(/* id 2, wireType 2 =*/ 18).fork()
+        writer.uint32(/* id 2, wireType 2 =*/ 18).fork(),
       ).ldelim();
   if (message.schemaUrl != null)
     writer.uint32(/* id 3, wireType 2 =*/ 26).string(message.schemaUrl);
@@ -110,7 +112,7 @@ function KeyValue_encode(message: IKeyValue, writer: Writer): Writer {
   if (message.value != null)
     AnyValue_encode(
       message.value,
-      writer.uint32(/* id 2, wireType 2 =*/ 18).fork()
+      writer.uint32(/* id 2, wireType 2 =*/ 18).fork(),
     ).ldelim();
   return writer;
 }
@@ -127,12 +129,12 @@ function AnyValue_encode(message: IAnyValue, writer: Writer): Writer {
   if (message.arrayValue != null)
     ArrayValue_encode(
       message.arrayValue,
-      writer.uint32(/* id 5, wireType 2 =*/ 42).fork()
+      writer.uint32(/* id 5, wireType 2 =*/ 42).fork(),
     ).ldelim();
   if (message.kvlistValue != null)
     KeyValueList_encode(
       message.kvlistValue,
-      writer.uint32(/* id 6, wireType 2 =*/ 50).fork()
+      writer.uint32(/* id 6, wireType 2 =*/ 50).fork(),
     ).ldelim();
   if (message.bytesValue != null)
     writer.uint32(/* id 7, wireType 2 =*/ 58).bytes(message.bytesValue);
@@ -144,7 +146,7 @@ function ArrayValue_encode(message: IArrayValue, writer: Writer): Writer {
     for (let i = 0; i < message.values.length; ++i)
       AnyValue_encode(
         message.values[i]!,
-        writer.uint32(/* id 1, wireType 2 =*/ 10).fork()
+        writer.uint32(/* id 1, wireType 2 =*/ 10).fork(),
       ).ldelim();
   return writer;
 }
@@ -154,14 +156,14 @@ function KeyValueList_encode(message: IKeyValueList, writer: Writer): Writer {
     for (let i = 0; i < message.values.length; ++i)
       KeyValue_encode(
         message.values[i]!,
-        writer.uint32(/* id 1, wireType 2 =*/ 10).fork()
+        writer.uint32(/* id 1, wireType 2 =*/ 10).fork(),
       ).ldelim();
   return writer;
 }
 
 function InstrumentationScope_encode(
   message: IInstrumentationScope,
-  writer: Writer
+  writer: Writer,
 ): Writer {
   if (message.name != null)
     writer.uint32(/* id 1, wireType 2 =*/ 10).string(message.name);
@@ -171,7 +173,7 @@ function InstrumentationScope_encode(
     for (let i = 0; i < message.attributes.length; ++i)
       KeyValue_encode(
         message.attributes[i]!,
-        writer.uint32(/* id 3, wireType 2 =*/ 26).fork()
+        writer.uint32(/* id 3, wireType 2 =*/ 26).fork(),
       ).ldelim();
   if (message.droppedAttributesCount != null)
     writer
@@ -205,7 +207,7 @@ function Span_encode(message: ISpan, writer: Writer): Writer {
     for (let i = 0; i < message.attributes.length; ++i)
       KeyValue_encode(
         message.attributes[i]!,
-        writer.uint32(/* id 9, wireType 2 =*/ 74).fork()
+        writer.uint32(/* id 9, wireType 2 =*/ 74).fork(),
       ).ldelim();
   if (message.droppedAttributesCount != null)
     writer
@@ -215,7 +217,7 @@ function Span_encode(message: ISpan, writer: Writer): Writer {
     for (let i = 0; i < message.events.length; ++i)
       Event_encode(
         message.events[i]!,
-        writer.uint32(/* id 11, wireType 2 =*/ 90).fork()
+        writer.uint32(/* id 11, wireType 2 =*/ 90).fork(),
       ).ldelim();
   if (message.droppedEventsCount != null)
     writer
@@ -225,7 +227,7 @@ function Span_encode(message: ISpan, writer: Writer): Writer {
     for (let i = 0; i < message.links.length; ++i)
       Link_encode(
         message.links[i]!,
-        writer.uint32(/* id 13, wireType 2 =*/ 106).fork()
+        writer.uint32(/* id 13, wireType 2 =*/ 106).fork(),
       ).ldelim();
   if (message.droppedLinksCount != null)
     writer
@@ -234,7 +236,7 @@ function Span_encode(message: ISpan, writer: Writer): Writer {
   if (message.status != null)
     Status_encode(
       message.status,
-      writer.uint32(/* id 15, wireType 2 =*/ 122).fork()
+      writer.uint32(/* id 15, wireType 2 =*/ 122).fork(),
     ).ldelim();
   return writer;
 }
@@ -258,7 +260,7 @@ function Event_encode(message: IEvent, writer: Writer): Writer {
     for (let i = 0; i < message.attributes.length; ++i)
       KeyValue_encode(
         message.attributes[i]!,
-        writer.uint32(/* id 3, wireType 2 =*/ 26).fork()
+        writer.uint32(/* id 3, wireType 2 =*/ 26).fork(),
       ).ldelim();
   if (message.droppedAttributesCount != null)
     writer
@@ -278,7 +280,7 @@ function Link_encode(message: ILink, writer: Writer): Writer {
     for (let i = 0; i < message.attributes.length; ++i)
       KeyValue_encode(
         message.attributes[i]!,
-        writer.uint32(/* id 4, wireType 2 =*/ 34).fork()
+        writer.uint32(/* id 4, wireType 2 =*/ 34).fork(),
       ).ldelim();
   if (message.droppedAttributesCount != null)
     writer
diff --git a/packages/otel/src/index.ts b/packages/otel/src/index.ts
index 5cece21..1f528fb 100644
--- a/packages/otel/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/otel/src/index.ts
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ export {
  * @param optionsOrServiceName - Either a service name as a string or a configuration object.
  */
 export function registerOTel(
-  optionsOrServiceName?: Configuration | string
+  optionsOrServiceName?: Configuration | string,
 ): void {
   let options: Configuration;
   if (!optionsOrServiceName) {
diff --git a/packages/otel/src/instrumentations/fetch.ts b/packages/otel/src/instrumentations/fetch.ts
index c0fbbc2..f935151 100644
--- a/packages/otel/src/instrumentations/fetch.ts
+++ b/packages/otel/src/instrumentations/fetch.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import type * as http from 'node:http';
-import type * as https from 'node:https';
+import type * as http from "node:http";
+import type * as https from "node:https";
 import {
   SpanKind,
   SpanStatusCode,
@@ -148,10 +148,7 @@ export class FetchInstrumentation implements Instrumentation {
   setMeterProvider(): void {
     // Nothing.
   }
-  private shouldIgnore(
-    url: URL,
-    init?: InternalRequestInit
-  ): boolean {
+  private shouldIgnore(url: URL, init?: InternalRequestInit): boolean {
     const ignoreUrls = this.config.ignoreUrls ?? [];
     if (init?.opentelemetry?.ignore !== undefined) {
       return init.opentelemetry.ignore;
@@ -171,10 +168,7 @@ export class FetchInstrumentation implements Instrumentation {
     });
   }
 
-  private shouldPropagate(
-    url: URL,
-    init?: InternalRequestInit
-  ): boolean {
+  private shouldPropagate(url: URL, init?: InternalRequestInit): boolean {
     const host =
       process.env.VERCEL_URL || process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_VERCEL_URL || null;
     const branchHost =
@@ -224,9 +218,23 @@ export class FetchInstrumentation implements Instrumentation {
       }
       return match.test(urlString);
     });
-  };
+  }
 
-  private startSpan({ tracer, url, fetchType, method = "GET", name, attributes = {} }: { tracer: Tracer; url: URL; fetchType: 'http' | 'fetch'; method?: string; name?: string; attributes?: Attributes }): Span {
+  private startSpan({
+    tracer,
+    url,
+    fetchType,
+    method = "GET",
+    name,
+    attributes = {},
+  }: {
+    tracer: Tracer;
+    url: URL;
+    fetchType: "http" | "fetch";
+    method?: string;
+    name?: string;
+    attributes?: Attributes;
+  }): Span {
     const resourceNameTemplate = this.config.resourceNameTemplate;
 
     const attrs = {
@@ -253,16 +261,19 @@ export class FetchInstrumentation implements Instrumentation {
         attributes: {
           ...attrs,
           "operation.name": `${fetchType}.${method}`,
-          'http.client.name': fetchType,
+          "http.client.name": fetchType,
           "resource.name": resourceName,
           ...attributes,
         },
       },
-      parentContext
+      parentContext,
     );
   }
 
-  instrumentHttp(httpModule: Http | Https, protocolFromModule: 'https:' | 'http:'): void {
+  instrumentHttp(
+    httpModule: Http | Https,
+    protocolFromModule: "https:" | "http:",
+  ): void {
     const { tracerProvider } = this;
     if (!tracerProvider) {
       return;
@@ -270,7 +281,7 @@ export class FetchInstrumentation implements Instrumentation {
 
     const tracer = tracerProvider.getTracer(
       this.instrumentationName,
-      this.instrumentationVersion
+      this.instrumentationVersion,
     );
 
     const { attributesFromRequestHeaders, attributesFromResponseHeaders } =
@@ -280,7 +291,11 @@ export class FetchInstrumentation implements Instrumentation {
     const originalGet = httpModule.get;
 
     const instrumentRequest = (original: typeof httpModule.request) => {
-      return (urlOrOptions: string | URL | RequestOptions, optionsOrCallback?: RequestOptions | Callback, optionalCallback?: Callback) => {
+      return (
+        urlOrOptions: string | URL | RequestOptions,
+        optionsOrCallback?: RequestOptions | Callback,
+        optionalCallback?: Callback,
+      ) => {
         let url: URL;
         let options: RequestOptions = {};
         let callback: Callback | undefined;
@@ -293,7 +308,10 @@ export class FetchInstrumentation implements Instrumentation {
           if (typeof optionsOrCallback === "function") {
             // url, callback
             callback = optionsOrCallback;
-          } else if (optionsOrCallback && typeof optionalCallback === "function") {
+          } else if (
+            optionsOrCallback &&
+            typeof optionalCallback === "function"
+          ) {
             // url, options, callback
             options = optionsOrCallback;
             callback = optionalCallback;
@@ -318,8 +336,8 @@ export class FetchInstrumentation implements Instrumentation {
         const span = this.startSpan({
           tracer,
           url,
-          fetchType: 'http',
-          method: options.method || "GET"
+          fetchType: "http",
+          method: options.method || "GET",
         });
 
         if (!span.isRecording() || !isSampled(span.spanContext().traceFlags)) {
@@ -330,65 +348,84 @@ export class FetchInstrumentation implements Instrumentation {
         if (this.shouldPropagate(url)) {
           const parentContext = context.active();
           const httpContext = traceApi.setSpan(parentContext, span);
-          propagation.inject(httpContext, options.headers || {}, HTTP_HEADERS_SETTER);
+          propagation.inject(
+            httpContext,
+            options.headers || {},
+            HTTP_HEADERS_SETTER,
+          );
         }
 
         if (attributesFromRequestHeaders) {
-            headersToAttributes(
+          headersToAttributes(
             span,
             attributesFromRequestHeaders,
             options.headers || {},
-            HTTP_HEADERS_GETTER
-            );
+            HTTP_HEADERS_GETTER,
+          );
         }
 
         try {
           const startTime = Date.now();
           const req = original.apply(this, [url, options, callback]);
 
-          req.prependListener('response', (res: IncomingMessage & { aborted?: boolean }) => {
-            const duration = Date.now() - startTime;
-            span.setAttribute("http.response_time", duration);
+          req.prependListener(
+            "response",
+            (res: IncomingMessage & { aborted?: boolean }) => {
+              const duration = Date.now() - startTime;
+              span.setAttribute("http.response_time", duration);
 
-            if (res.statusCode !== undefined) {
-              span.setAttribute(SemanticAttributes.HTTP_STATUS_CODE, res.statusCode);
-              if (res.statusCode >= 500) {
-                onError(span, `Status: ${res.statusCode}`);
+              if (res.statusCode !== undefined) {
+                span.setAttribute(
+                  SemanticAttributes.HTTP_STATUS_CODE,
+                  res.statusCode,
+                );
+                if (res.statusCode >= 500) {
+                  onError(span, `Status: ${res.statusCode}`);
+                }
+              } else {
+                onError(span, "Response status code is undefined");
               }
-            } else {
-              onError(span, "Response status code is undefined");
-            }
-
-            if (attributesFromResponseHeaders) {
-              headersToAttributes(span, attributesFromResponseHeaders, res.headers, HTTP_HEADERS_GETTER);
-            }
 
-            if (req.listenerCount('response') <= 1) {
-              res.resume();
-            }
+              if (attributesFromResponseHeaders) {
+                headersToAttributes(
+                  span,
+                  attributesFromResponseHeaders,
+                  res.headers,
+                  HTTP_HEADERS_GETTER,
+                );
+              }
 
-            res.on("end", () => {
-              let status: SpanStatus;
-              const statusCode = res.statusCode;
-              if (res.aborted && !res.complete) {
-                status = { code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR };
-              } else if (statusCode && statusCode >= 100 && statusCode < 500) {
-                status = { code: SpanStatusCode.UNSET };
-              } else {
-                status = { code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR };
+              if (req.listenerCount("response") <= 1) {
+                res.resume();
               }
-              span.setStatus(status);
-              if (span.isRecording()) {
-                if (res.headers["content-length"]) {
-                  span.setAttribute(
-                    SemanticAttributes.HTTP_RESPONSE_CONTENT_LENGTH_UNCOMPRESSED,
-                    res.headers["content-length"]
-                  );
+
+              res.on("end", () => {
+                let status: SpanStatus;
+                const statusCode = res.statusCode;
+                if (res.aborted && !res.complete) {
+                  status = { code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR };
+                } else if (
+                  statusCode &&
+                  statusCode >= 100 &&
+                  statusCode < 500
+                ) {
+                  status = { code: SpanStatusCode.UNSET };
+                } else {
+                  status = { code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR };
                 }
-                span.end();
-              }
-            });
-          });
+                span.setStatus(status);
+                if (span.isRecording()) {
+                  if (res.headers["content-length"]) {
+                    span.setAttribute(
+                      SemanticAttributes.HTTP_RESPONSE_CONTENT_LENGTH_UNCOMPRESSED,
+                      res.headers["content-length"],
+                    );
+                  }
+                  span.end();
+                }
+              });
+            },
+          );
 
           req.on("error", (err: unknown) => {
             if (span.isRecording()) {
@@ -397,13 +434,12 @@ export class FetchInstrumentation implements Instrumentation {
             }
           });
 
-          req.on('close', () => {
+          req.on("close", () => {
             if (span.isRecording()) {
               span.end();
             }
           });
 
-
           return req;
         } catch (err) {
           onError(span, err);
@@ -425,7 +461,7 @@ export class FetchInstrumentation implements Instrumentation {
 
     const tracer = tracerProvider.getTracer(
       this.instrumentationName,
-      this.instrumentationVersion
+      this.instrumentationVersion,
     );
 
     const { attributesFromRequestHeaders, attributesFromResponseHeaders } =
@@ -450,7 +486,7 @@ export class FetchInstrumentation implements Instrumentation {
         // on Edge runtime where the `new Request()` eagerly
         // consumes the body of the original Request.
         input instanceof Request ? input.clone() : input,
-        init
+        init,
       );
       const url = new URL(req.url);
       if (this.shouldIgnore(url, init)) {
@@ -460,7 +496,7 @@ export class FetchInstrumentation implements Instrumentation {
       const span = this.startSpan({
         tracer,
         url,
-        fetchType: 'fetch',
+        fetchType: "fetch",
         method: req.method,
         name: init?.opentelemetry?.spanName,
         attributes: init?.opentelemetry?.attributes,
@@ -478,7 +514,12 @@ export class FetchInstrumentation implements Instrumentation {
       }
 
       if (attributesFromRequestHeaders) {
-        headersToAttributes(span, attributesFromRequestHeaders, req.headers, FETCH_HEADERS_GETTER);
+        headersToAttributes(
+          span,
+          attributesFromRequestHeaders,
+          req.headers,
+          FETCH_HEADERS_GETTER,
+        );
       }
 
       try {
@@ -496,7 +537,12 @@ export class FetchInstrumentation implements Instrumentation {
         span.setAttribute(SemanticAttributes.HTTP_STATUS_CODE, res.status);
         span.setAttribute("http.response_time", duration);
         if (attributesFromResponseHeaders) {
-          headersToAttributes(span, attributesFromResponseHeaders, res.headers, FETCH_HEADERS_GETTER);
+          headersToAttributes(
+            span,
+            attributesFromResponseHeaders,
+            res.headers,
+            FETCH_HEADERS_GETTER,
+          );
         }
         if (res.status >= 500) {
           onError(span, `Status: ${res.status} (${res.statusText})`);
@@ -509,7 +555,7 @@ export class FetchInstrumentation implements Instrumentation {
               if (span.isRecording()) {
                 span.setAttribute(
                   SemanticAttributes.HTTP_RESPONSE_CONTENT_LENGTH_UNCOMPRESSED,
-                  byteLength
+                  byteLength,
                 );
                 span.end();
               }
@@ -519,7 +565,7 @@ export class FetchInstrumentation implements Instrumentation {
                 onError(span, err);
                 span.end();
               }
-            }
+            },
           );
         } else {
           span.end();
@@ -541,11 +587,11 @@ export class FetchInstrumentation implements Instrumentation {
     this.instrumentFetch();
     try {
       // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-var-requires
-      const httpModule = require('node:http') as Http;
+      const httpModule = require("node:http") as Http;
       // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-var-requires
-      const httpsModule = require('node:https') as Https;
-      this.instrumentHttp(httpModule, 'http:');
-      this.instrumentHttp(httpsModule, 'https:');
+      const httpsModule = require("node:https") as Https;
+      this.instrumentHttp(httpModule, "http:");
+      this.instrumentHttp(httpsModule, "https:");
     } catch {
       // Must be a non-Node env. Ignore.
     }
@@ -570,7 +616,9 @@ const FETCH_HEADERS_GETTER: TextMapGetter<Headers> = {
     if (value === null) {
       return undefined;
     }
-    return value.includes(",") ? value.split(",").map(v => v.trimStart()) : value;
+    return value.includes(",")
+      ? value.split(",").map((v) => v.trimStart())
+      : value;
   },
   keys(carrier: Headers): string[] {
     const keys: string[] = [];
@@ -589,12 +637,15 @@ const HTTP_HEADERS_SETTER: TextMapSetter<IncomingHttpHeaders> = {
 };
 
 const HTTP_HEADERS_GETTER: TextMapGetter<OutgoingHttpHeaders> = {
-  get(carrier: OutgoingHttpHeaders, key: string): string | string[] | undefined {
+  get(
+    carrier: OutgoingHttpHeaders,
+    key: string,
+  ): string | string[] | undefined {
     return carrier[key.toLowerCase()] as string | string[] | undefined;
   },
   keys(carrier): string[] {
     return Object.keys(carrier);
-  }
+  },
 };
 
 function removeSearch(url: string): string {
@@ -641,7 +692,7 @@ function headersToAttributes(
   span: Span,
   attrsToHeadersMap: Record<string, string>,
   headers: Headers | IncomingHttpHeaders | OutgoingHttpHeaders,
-  getter: TextMapGetter<Headers | IncomingHttpHeaders | OutgoingHttpHeaders>
+  getter: TextMapGetter<Headers | IncomingHttpHeaders | OutgoingHttpHeaders>,
 ): void {
   for (const [attrName, headerName] of Object.entries(attrsToHeadersMap)) {
     const headerValue = getter.get(headers, headerName);
@@ -651,17 +702,20 @@ function headersToAttributes(
   }
 }
 
-function constructUrlFromRequestOptions(options: http.RequestOptions, protocolFromModule: string): URL {
+function constructUrlFromRequestOptions(
+  options: http.RequestOptions,
+  protocolFromModule: string,
+): URL {
   if (options.socketPath) {
     throw new Error(
-      'Cannot construct a network URL: options.socketPath is specified, indicating a Unix domain socket.'
+      "Cannot construct a network URL: options.socketPath is specified, indicating a Unix domain socket.",
     );
   }
 
   let protocol = options.protocol ?? protocolFromModule;
 
-  if (protocol && !protocol.endsWith(':')) {
-    protocol += ':';
+  if (protocol && !protocol.endsWith(":")) {
+    protocol += ":";
   }
 
   // Per documentation: "hostname will be used if both host and hostname are specified."
@@ -672,7 +726,7 @@ function constructUrlFromRequestOptions(options: http.RequestOptions, protocolFr
 
   if (!hostname && options.host) {
     // Try to parse hostname and port from options.host
-    const hostParts = options.host.split(':');
+    const hostParts = options.host.split(":");
     hostname = hostParts[0];
     const portPart = hostParts[1];
     if (hostParts.length > 1 && portPart && port === undefined) {
@@ -686,27 +740,26 @@ function constructUrlFromRequestOptions(options: http.RequestOptions, protocolFr
   // If hostname is still not determined (e.g. options.host was also undefined or only a port like ':8080')
   // use default 'localhost' as per http.request behavior for options.host.
   if (!hostname) {
-    hostname = 'localhost';
+    hostname = "localhost";
   }
 
-
   // Resolve port: use options.port if provided, otherwise default based on protocol.
   // Note: options.defaultPort is an internal http.request mechanism. For reconstruction,
   // if options.port is missing, we assume standard default ports.
   let numericPort;
-  if (port !== undefined && port !== '') {
+  if (port !== undefined && port !== "") {
     const parsed = parseInt(String(port), 10);
     if (!isNaN(parsed)) {
       numericPort = parsed;
     } else {
       // Invalid port value, fall back to default for protocol
-      numericPort = (protocol === 'https:') ? 443 : 80;
+      numericPort = protocol === "https:" ? 443 : 80;
     }
   } else {
-    numericPort = (protocol === 'https:') ? 443 : 80;
+    numericPort = protocol === "https:" ? 443 : 80;
   }
 
-  const path = options.path || '/';
+  const path = options.path || "/";
 
   // Construct the base URL string (protocol://hostname:port)
   // The URL constructor handles default ports correctly (omits them if standard).
@@ -716,12 +769,12 @@ function constructUrlFromRequestOptions(options: http.RequestOptions, protocolFr
 
   // Handle auth (user:password)
   if (options.auth) {
-    const authParts = options.auth.split(':');
-    url.username = decodeURIComponent(authParts[0] || '');
+    const authParts = options.auth.split(":");
+    url.username = decodeURIComponent(authParts[0] || "");
     if (authParts.length > 1) {
-      url.password = decodeURIComponent(authParts[1] || '');
+      url.password = decodeURIComponent(authParts[1] || "");
     }
   }
 
   return url;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/packages/otel/src/processor/composite-span-processor.ts b/packages/otel/src/processor/composite-span-processor.ts
index bc8a692..7ca514a 100644
--- a/packages/otel/src/processor/composite-span-processor.ts
+++ b/packages/otel/src/processor/composite-span-processor.ts
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ export class CompositeSpanProcessor implements SpanProcessor {
 
   constructor(
     private processors: SpanProcessor[],
-    private attributesFromHeaders: AttributesFromHeaders | undefined
+    private attributesFromHeaders: AttributesFromHeaders | undefined,
   ) {}
 
   forceFlush(): Promise<void> {
@@ -28,20 +28,21 @@ export class CompositeSpanProcessor implements SpanProcessor {
       this.processors.map((p) =>
         p.forceFlush().catch((e) => {
           diag.error("@vercel/otel: forceFlush failed:", e);
-        })
-      )
+        }),
+      ),
     ).then(() => undefined);
   }
 
   shutdown(): Promise<void> {
     return Promise.all(
-      this.processors.map((p) => p.shutdown().catch(() => undefined))
+      this.processors.map((p) => p.shutdown().catch(() => undefined)),
     ).then(() => undefined);
   }
 
   onStart(span: Span, parentContext: Context): void {
     const { traceId, spanId, traceFlags } = span.spanContext();
-    const isRoot = !span.parentSpanId || !this.rootSpanIds.has(traceId);
+    const isRoot =
+      !span.parentSpanContext?.spanId || !this.rootSpanIds.has(traceId);
     if (isRoot) {
       this.rootSpanIds.set(traceId, { rootSpanId: spanId, open: [] });
     } else {
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ export class CompositeSpanProcessor implements SpanProcessor {
       const vrc = getVercelRequestContext();
       const vercelRequestContextAttrs = getVercelRequestContextAttributes(
         vrc,
-        this.attributesFromHeaders
+        this.attributesFromHeaders,
       );
       if (vercelRequestContextAttrs) {
         span.setAttributes(vercelRequestContextAttrs);
@@ -184,7 +185,7 @@ function getResourceAttributes(span: ReadableSpan): Attributes | undefined {
 
   // Per https://github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/blob/main/pkg/config/config_template.yaml,
   // the default operation.name is "library name + span kind".
-  const libraryName = span.instrumentationLibrary.name;
+  const libraryName = span.instrumentationScope.name;
   const spanType = nextSpanType ?? spanTypeAttr;
   if (spanType && typeof spanType === "string") {
     const nextOperationName = toOperationName(libraryName, spanType);
@@ -200,7 +201,7 @@ function getResourceAttributes(span: ReadableSpan): Attributes | undefined {
   return {
     "operation.name": toOperationName(
       libraryName,
-      kind === SpanKind.INTERNAL ? "" : SPAN_KIND_NAME[kind]
+      kind === SpanKind.INTERNAL ? "" : SPAN_KIND_NAME[kind],
     ),
   };
 }
diff --git a/packages/otel/src/propagators/w3c-tracecontext-propagator.test.ts b/packages/otel/src/propagators/w3c-tracecontext-propagator.test.ts
index e0fff23..f8b82a5 100644
--- a/packages/otel/src/propagators/w3c-tracecontext-propagator.test.ts
+++ b/packages/otel/src/propagators/w3c-tracecontext-propagator.test.ts
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ describe("W3CTraceContextPropagator", () => {
             "00-6d2eac29c9283ece795b4fbaa2d57225-bad4e819c34d2cdb-01",
           ],
         ]),
-        GETTER
+        GETTER,
       );
       expect(traceApi.getSpanContext(context)).toEqual({
         isRemote: true,
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ describe("W3CTraceContextPropagator", () => {
             ["00-6d2eac29c9283ece795b4fbaa2d57225-bad4e819c34d2cdb-01"],
           ],
         ]),
-        GETTER
+        GETTER,
       );
       expect(traceApi.getSpanContext(context)).toEqual({
         isRemote: true,
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ describe("W3CTraceContextPropagator", () => {
           ],
           ["tracestate", "foo=11,bar=12"],
         ]),
-        GETTER
+        GETTER,
       );
       expect(traceApi.getSpanContext(context)).toContain({
         isRemote: true,
@@ -78,10 +78,10 @@ describe("W3CTraceContextPropagator", () => {
         traceFlags: 1,
       });
       expect(traceApi.getSpanContext(context)?.traceState?.get("foo")).toBe(
-        "11"
+        "11",
       );
       expect(traceApi.getSpanContext(context)?.traceState?.get("bar")).toBe(
-        "12"
+        "12",
       );
     });
 
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ describe("W3CTraceContextPropagator", () => {
         const context = propagator.extract(
           baseContext,
           new Map([["traceparent", "00-bad-bad4e819c34d2cdb-01"]]),
-          GETTER
+          GETTER,
         );
         expect(traceApi.getSpanContext(context)).toBeUndefined();
       });
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ describe("W3CTraceContextPropagator", () => {
           new Map([
             ["traceparent", "00-6d2eac29c9283ece795b4fbaa2d57225-bad-01"],
           ]),
-          GETTER
+          GETTER,
         );
         expect(traceApi.getSpanContext(context)).toBeUndefined();
       });
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ describe("W3CTraceContextPropagator", () => {
               "bad-6d2eac29c9283ece795b4fbaa2d57225-bad4e819c34d2cdb-01",
             ],
           ]),
-          GETTER
+          GETTER,
         );
         expect(traceApi.getSpanContext(context)).toBeUndefined();
       });
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ describe("W3CTraceContextPropagator", () => {
               "00-6d2eac29c9283ece795b4fbaa2d57225-bad4e819c34d2cdb-01-unknown",
             ],
           ]),
-          GETTER
+          GETTER,
         );
         expect(traceApi.getSpanContext(context)).toBeUndefined();
       });
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ describe("W3CTraceContextPropagator", () => {
       });
       propagator.inject(context, carrier, SETTER);
       expect(carrier.get("traceparent")).toBe(
-        "00-6d2eac29c9283ece795b4fbaa2d57225-bad4e819c34d2cdb-01"
+        "00-6d2eac29c9283ece795b4fbaa2d57225-bad4e819c34d2cdb-01",
       );
       expect(carrier.get("tracestate")).toBeUndefined();
     });
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ describe("W3CTraceContextPropagator", () => {
       });
       propagator.inject(context, carrier, SETTER);
       expect(carrier.get("traceparent")).toBe(
-        "00-6d2eac29c9283ece795b4fbaa2d57225-bad4e819c34d2cdb-01"
+        "00-6d2eac29c9283ece795b4fbaa2d57225-bad4e819c34d2cdb-01",
       );
       expect(carrier.get("tracestate")).toEqual("foo=11,bar=12");
     });
diff --git a/packages/otel/src/propagators/w3c-tracecontext-propagator.ts b/packages/otel/src/propagators/w3c-tracecontext-propagator.ts
index 4c20b31..f365e01 100644
--- a/packages/otel/src/propagators/w3c-tracecontext-propagator.ts
+++ b/packages/otel/src/propagators/w3c-tracecontext-propagator.ts
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ export class W3CTraceContextPropagator implements TextMapPropagator {
       setter.set(
         carrier,
         TRACE_STATE_HEADER,
-        spanContext.traceState.serialize()
+        spanContext.traceState.serialize(),
       );
     }
   }
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ export class W3CTraceContextPropagator implements TextMapPropagator {
         ? traceStateHeader.join(",")
         : traceStateHeader;
       spanContext.traceState = createTraceState(
-        typeof state === "string" ? state : undefined
+        typeof state === "string" ? state : undefined,
       );
     }
     return traceApi.setSpanContext(context, spanContext);
diff --git a/packages/otel/src/sdk.ts b/packages/otel/src/sdk.ts
index e726b81..de20cdb 100644
--- a/packages/otel/src/sdk.ts
+++ b/packages/otel/src/sdk.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import type { ContextManager, TextMapPropagator } from "@opentelemetry/api";
-import type { InstrumentationOption } from "@opentelemetry/instrumentation";
+import type { Instrumentation } from "@opentelemetry/instrumentation";
 import type { ResourceDetectionConfig } from "@opentelemetry/resources";
 import type {
   Sampler,
@@ -20,25 +20,24 @@ import {
   diag,
   DiagConsoleLogger,
   DiagLogLevel,
+  trace,
+  propagation,
+  context,
 } from "@opentelemetry/api";
 import { logs } from "@opentelemetry/api-logs";
-import { registerInstrumentations } from "@opentelemetry/instrumentation/build/src/autoLoader";
+import { registerInstrumentations } from "@opentelemetry/instrumentation";
 import {
-  detectResourcesSync,
-  envDetectorSync,
-  Resource,
+  detectResources,
+  envDetector,
+  resourceFromAttributes,
 } from "@opentelemetry/resources";
 import { LoggerProvider } from "@opentelemetry/sdk-logs";
 import { MeterProvider } from "@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics";
-import {
-  parseEnvironment,
-  DEFAULT_ENVIRONMENT,
-} from "@opentelemetry/core/build/src/utils/environment";
-import { AsyncLocalStorageContextManager } from "@opentelemetry/context-async-hooks/build/src/AsyncLocalStorageContextManager";
+import { AsyncLocalStorageContextManager } from "@opentelemetry/context-async-hooks";
 import {
   CompositePropagator,
   W3CBaggagePropagator,
-  baggageUtils,
+  parseKeyPairsIntoRecord,
 } from "@opentelemetry/core";
 import * as SemanticResourceAttributes from "./semantic-resource-attributes";
 import { CompositeSpanProcessor } from "./processor/composite-span-processor";
@@ -57,8 +56,21 @@ import { FetchInstrumentation } from "./instrumentations/fetch";
 import { W3CTraceContextPropagator } from "./propagators/w3c-tracecontext-propagator";
 import { VercelRuntimePropagator } from "./vercel-request-context/propagator";
 import { VercelRuntimeSpanExporter } from "./vercel-request-context/exporter";
-
-type Env = ReturnType<typeof parseEnvironment>;
+import { getStringFromEnv, getStringListFromEnv } from "./utils/env-parser";
+
+interface Env {
+  OTEL_SDK_DISABLED?: string;
+  OTEL_SERVICE_NAME?: string;
+  OTEL_PROPAGATORS?: string[];
+  OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER?: string;
+  OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER_ARG?: string;
+  OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_TRACES_ENDPOINT?: string;
+  OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT?: string;
+  OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_HEADERS?: string;
+  OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_TRACES_HEADERS?: string;
+  OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_TRACES_PROTOCOL?: string;
+  OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_PROTOCOL?: string;
+}
 
 const logLevelMap: Record<string, DiagLogLevel> = {
   ALL: DiagLogLevel.ALL,
@@ -100,14 +112,11 @@ export class Sdk {
 
     const idGenerator = configuration.idGenerator ?? new RandomIdGenerator();
 
-    const contextManager =
-      configuration.contextManager ?? new AsyncLocalStorageContextManager();
-    contextManager.enable();
-    this.contextManager = contextManager;
+    this.contextManager = setupContextManager(configuration.contextManager);
 
     const serviceName =
       env.OTEL_SERVICE_NAME || configuration.serviceName || "app";
-    let resource = new Resource(
+    let resource = resourceFromAttributes(
       omitUndefinedAttributes({
         [SemanticResourceAttributes.SERVICE_NAME]: serviceName,
 
@@ -137,33 +146,33 @@ export class Sdk {
           process.env.VERCEL_DEPLOYMENT_ID,
 
         ...configuration.attributes,
-      })
+      }),
     );
-    const resourceDetectors = configuration.resourceDetectors ?? [
-      envDetectorSync,
-    ];
+    const resourceDetectors = configuration.resourceDetectors ?? [envDetector];
     const autoDetectResources = configuration.autoDetectResources ?? true;
     if (autoDetectResources) {
       const internalConfig: ResourceDetectionConfig = {
         detectors: resourceDetectors,
       };
-      resource = resource.merge(detectResourcesSync(internalConfig));
+      const detectedResource = detectResources(internalConfig);
+      // Let async resource detection happen in background - don't wait for it
+      resource = resource.merge(detectedResource);
     }
 
     const propagators = parsePropagators(
       configuration.propagators,
       configuration,
-      env
+      env,
     );
     const traceSampler = parseSampler(configuration.traceSampler, env);
     const spanProcessors = parseSpanProcessor(
       configuration.spanProcessors,
       configuration,
-      env
+      env,
     );
     if (spanProcessors.length === 0) {
       diag.warn(
-        "@vercel/otel: No span processors configured. No spans will be exported."
+        "@vercel/otel: No span processors configured. No spans will be exported.",
       );
     }
     const spanLimits = configuration.spanLimits;
@@ -172,41 +181,40 @@ export class Sdk {
       idGenerator,
       sampler: traceSampler,
       spanLimits,
+      spanProcessors: [
+        new CompositeSpanProcessor(
+          spanProcessors,
+          configuration.attributesFromHeaders,
+        ),
+      ],
     });
-    tracerProvider.addSpanProcessor(
-      new CompositeSpanProcessor(
-        spanProcessors,
-        configuration.attributesFromHeaders
-      )
-    );
-    tracerProvider.register({
-      contextManager,
-      propagator: new CompositePropagator({ propagators }),
-    });
+    trace.setGlobalTracerProvider(tracerProvider);
+    propagation.setGlobalPropagator(new CompositePropagator({ propagators }));
     this.tracerProvider = tracerProvider;
 
-    if (configuration.logRecordProcessor) {
-      const loggerProvider = new LoggerProvider({ resource });
+    if (configuration.logRecordProcessors) {
+      const loggerProvider = new LoggerProvider({
+        resource,
+        processors: configuration.logRecordProcessors,
+      });
+
       this.loggerProvider = loggerProvider;
-      loggerProvider.addLogRecordProcessor(configuration.logRecordProcessor);
       logs.setGlobalLoggerProvider(loggerProvider);
     }
 
-    if (configuration.metricReader || configuration.views) {
+    if (configuration.metricReaders || configuration.views) {
       const meterProvider = new MeterProvider({
         resource,
         views: configuration.views ?? [],
+        readers: configuration.metricReaders ?? [],
       });
-      if (configuration.metricReader) {
-        meterProvider.addMetricReader(configuration.metricReader);
-      }
       metrics.setGlobalMeterProvider(meterProvider);
       this.meterProvider = meterProvider;
     }
 
     const instrumentations = parseInstrumentations(
       configuration.instrumentations,
-      configuration.instrumentationConfig
+      configuration.instrumentationConfig,
     );
     this.disableInstrumentations = registerInstrumentations({
       instrumentations,
@@ -231,7 +239,7 @@ export class Sdk {
     diag.info(
       "@vercel/otel: shutting down",
       promises.length,
-      process.env.NEXT_RUNTIME
+      process.env.NEXT_RUNTIME,
     );
 
     await Promise.all(promises);
@@ -247,27 +255,48 @@ export class Sdk {
 }
 
 function getEnv(): Env {
-  const processEnv = parseEnvironment(process.env);
-  return { ...DEFAULT_ENVIRONMENT, ...processEnv };
+  return {
+    OTEL_SDK_DISABLED: getStringFromEnv("OTEL_SDK_DISABLED"),
+    OTEL_SERVICE_NAME: getStringFromEnv("OTEL_SERVICE_NAME"),
+    OTEL_PROPAGATORS: getStringListFromEnv("OTEL_PROPAGATORS"),
+    OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER: getStringFromEnv("OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER"),
+    OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER_ARG: getStringFromEnv("OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER_ARG"),
+    OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_TRACES_ENDPOINT: getStringFromEnv(
+      "OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_TRACES_ENDPOINT",
+    ),
+    OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_TRACES_PROTOCOL: getStringFromEnv(
+      "OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_TRACES_PROTOCOL",
+    ),
+    OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_PROTOCOL: getStringFromEnv(
+      "OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_PROTOCOL",
+    ),
+    OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT: getStringFromEnv(
+      "OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT",
+    ),
+    OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_HEADERS: getStringFromEnv("OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_HEADERS"),
+    OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_TRACES_HEADERS: getStringFromEnv(
+      "OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_TRACES_HEADERS",
+    ),
+  };
 }
 
 function parseInstrumentations(
   arg: InstrumentationOptionOrName[] | undefined,
-  instrumentationConfig: InstrumentationConfiguration | undefined
-): InstrumentationOption[] {
+  instrumentationConfig: InstrumentationConfiguration | undefined,
+): Instrumentation[] {
   return (arg ?? ["auto"])
     .map((instrumentationOrName) => {
       if (instrumentationOrName === "auto") {
         diag.debug(
           "@vercel/otel: Configure instrumentations: fetch",
-          instrumentationConfig?.fetch
+          instrumentationConfig?.fetch,
         );
         return [new FetchInstrumentation(instrumentationConfig?.fetch)];
       }
       if (instrumentationOrName === "fetch") {
         diag.debug(
           "@vercel/otel: Configure instrumentations: fetch",
-          instrumentationConfig?.fetch
+          instrumentationConfig?.fetch,
         );
         return new FetchInstrumentation(instrumentationConfig?.fetch);
       }
@@ -279,7 +308,7 @@ function parseInstrumentations(
 function parsePropagators(
   arg: PropagatorOrName[] | undefined,
   configuration: Configuration,
-  env: Env
+  env: Env,
 ): TextMapPropagator[] {
   const envPropagators =
     process.env.OTEL_PROPAGATORS &&
@@ -310,7 +339,7 @@ function parsePropagators(
         diag.debug(
           `@vercel/otel: Configure propagators: ${autoList
             .map((i) => i.name)
-            .join(", ")}`
+            .join(", ")}`,
         );
         return autoList.map((i) => i.propagator);
       }
@@ -369,8 +398,8 @@ function parseSampler(arg: SampleOrName | undefined, env: Env): Sampler {
     default:
       diag.error(
         `@vercel/otel: OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER value "${String(
-          env.OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER
-        )} invalid, defaulting to ${FALLBACK_OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER}".`
+          env.OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER,
+        )} invalid, defaulting to ${FALLBACK_OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER}".`,
       );
       return new AlwaysOnSampler();
   }
@@ -382,27 +411,27 @@ function getSamplerProbabilityFromEnv(env: Env): number {
     env.OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER_ARG === ""
   ) {
     diag.error(
-      `@vercel/otel: OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER_ARG is blank, defaulting to ${DEFAULT_RATIO}.`
+      `@vercel/otel: OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER_ARG is blank, defaulting to ${DEFAULT_RATIO}.`,
     );
     return DEFAULT_RATIO;
   }
 
   diag.debug(
     "@vercel/otel: Configure sampler probability: ",
-    env.OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER_ARG
+    env.OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER_ARG,
   );
   const probability = Number(env.OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER_ARG);
 
   if (isNaN(probability)) {
     diag.error(
-      `@vercel/otel: OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER_ARG=${env.OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER_ARG} was given, but it is invalid, defaulting to ${DEFAULT_RATIO}.`
+      `@vercel/otel: OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER_ARG=${env.OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER_ARG} was given, but it is invalid, defaulting to ${DEFAULT_RATIO}.`,
     );
     return DEFAULT_RATIO;
   }
 
   if (probability < 0 || probability > 1) {
     diag.error(
-      `@vercel/otel: OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER_ARG=${env.OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER_ARG} was given, but it is out of range ([0..1]), defaulting to ${DEFAULT_RATIO}.`
+      `@vercel/otel: OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER_ARG=${env.OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER_ARG} was given, but it is out of range ([0..1]), defaulting to ${DEFAULT_RATIO}.`,
     );
     return DEFAULT_RATIO;
   }
@@ -413,7 +442,7 @@ function getSamplerProbabilityFromEnv(env: Env): number {
 function parseSpanProcessor(
   arg: SpanProcessorOrName[] | undefined,
   configuration: Configuration,
-  env: Env
+  env: Env,
 ): SpanProcessor[] {
   return [
     ...(arg ?? ["auto"])
@@ -433,7 +462,7 @@ function parseSpanProcessor(
             diag.debug(
               "@vercel/otel: Configure vercel otel collector on port: ",
               port,
-              protocol
+              protocol,
             );
             const config = {
               url: `http://localhost:${port}/v1/traces`,
@@ -474,21 +503,23 @@ function parseSpanProcessor(
  */
 function parseTraceExporter(env: Env): SpanExporter {
   const protocol =
-    process.env.OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_TRACES_PROTOCOL ??
-    process.env.OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_PROTOCOL ??
+    env.OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_TRACES_PROTOCOL ??
+    env.OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_PROTOCOL ??
     "http/protobuf";
   const url = buildExporterUrlFromEnv(env);
   const headers = {
-    ...baggageUtils.parseKeyPairsIntoRecord(env.OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_HEADERS),
-    ...baggageUtils.parseKeyPairsIntoRecord(
-      env.OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_TRACES_HEADERS
-    ),
+    ...(env.OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_HEADERS
+      ? parseKeyPairsIntoRecord(env.OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_HEADERS)
+      : {}),
+    ...(env.OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_TRACES_HEADERS
+      ? parseKeyPairsIntoRecord(env.OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_TRACES_HEADERS)
+      : {}),
   };
   diag.debug(
     "@vercel/otel: Configure trace exporter: ",
     protocol,
     url,
-    `headers: ${Object.keys(headers).join(",") || "<none>"}`
+    `headers: ${Object.keys(headers).join(",") || "<none>"}`,
   );
   switch (protocol) {
     case "http/json":
@@ -498,7 +529,7 @@ function parseTraceExporter(env: Env): SpanExporter {
     default:
       // "grpc" protocol is not supported in Edge.
       diag.warn(
-        `@vercel/otel: Unsupported OTLP traces protocol: ${protocol}. Using http/protobuf.`
+        `@vercel/otel: Unsupported OTLP traces protocol: ${protocol}. Using http/protobuf.`,
       );
       return new OTLPHttpProtoTraceExporter();
   }
@@ -524,3 +555,21 @@ function buildExporterUrlFromEnv(env: Env): string {
 function isNotNull<T>(x: T | null | undefined): x is T {
   return x !== null && x !== undefined;
 }
+
+function setupContextManager(
+  contextManager: ContextManager | undefined,
+): ContextManager {
+  // undefined means 'register default'
+  if (contextManager === undefined) {
+    diag.debug("@vercel/otel: Configure context manager: default");
+    const defaultContextManager = new AsyncLocalStorageContextManager();
+    defaultContextManager.enable();
+    context.setGlobalContextManager(defaultContextManager);
+    return defaultContextManager;
+  }
+
+  diag.debug("@vercel/otel: Configure context manager: from configuration");
+  contextManager.enable();
+  context.setGlobalContextManager(contextManager);
+  return contextManager;
+}
diff --git a/packages/otel/src/semantic-resource-attributes.ts b/packages/otel/src/semantic-resource-attributes.ts
index cf27076..55edc64 100644
--- a/packages/otel/src/semantic-resource-attributes.ts
+++ b/packages/otel/src/semantic-resource-attributes.ts
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
-export const HTTP_METHOD = 'http.method';
-export const HTTP_URL = 'http.url';
-export const HTTP_HOST = 'http.host';
-export const HTTP_SCHEME = 'http.scheme';
-export const HTTP_STATUS_CODE = 'http.status_code';
-export const HTTP_USER_AGENT = 'http.user_agent';
+export const HTTP_METHOD = "http.method";
+export const HTTP_URL = "http.url";
+export const HTTP_HOST = "http.host";
+export const HTTP_SCHEME = "http.scheme";
+export const HTTP_STATUS_CODE = "http.status_code";
+export const HTTP_USER_AGENT = "http.user_agent";
 export const HTTP_RESPONSE_CONTENT_LENGTH_UNCOMPRESSED =
-  'http.response_content_length_uncompressed';
-export const NET_PEER_PORT = 'net.peer.port';
-export const NET_PEER_NAME = 'net.peer.name';
-export const CLOUD_REGION = 'cloud.region';
-export const DEPLOYMENT_ENVIRONMENT = 'deployment.environment';
-export const CLOUD_PROVIDER = 'cloud.provider';
-export const PROCESS_RUNTIME_NAME = 'process.runtime.name';
-export const VCS_REPOSITORY_REF_VERSION = 'vcs.repository.ref.revision';
-export const FAAS_INVOKED_REGION = 'faas.invoked_region';
-export const FAAS_INVOCATION_ID = 'faas.invocation_id';
-export const SERVICE_NAME = 'service.name';
-export const SERVICE_VERSION = 'service.version';
\ No newline at end of file
+  "http.response_content_length_uncompressed";
+export const NET_PEER_PORT = "net.peer.port";
+export const NET_PEER_NAME = "net.peer.name";
+export const CLOUD_REGION = "cloud.region";
+export const DEPLOYMENT_ENVIRONMENT = "deployment.environment";
+export const CLOUD_PROVIDER = "cloud.provider";
+export const PROCESS_RUNTIME_NAME = "process.runtime.name";
+export const VCS_REPOSITORY_REF_VERSION = "vcs.repository.ref.revision";
+export const FAAS_INVOKED_REGION = "faas.invoked_region";
+export const FAAS_INVOCATION_ID = "faas.invocation_id";
+export const SERVICE_NAME = "service.name";
+export const SERVICE_VERSION = "service.version";
diff --git a/packages/otel/src/types.ts b/packages/otel/src/types.ts
index 5b77fa3..1f3b2c5 100644
--- a/packages/otel/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/otel/src/types.ts
@@ -4,11 +4,8 @@ import type {
   TextMapGetter,
   Attributes,
 } from "@opentelemetry/api";
-import type { InstrumentationOption } from "@opentelemetry/instrumentation";
-import type {
-  DetectorSync,
-  ResourceAttributes,
-} from "@opentelemetry/resources";
+import type { Instrumentation } from "@opentelemetry/instrumentation";
+import type { ResourceDetector } from "@opentelemetry/resources";
 import type { LogRecordProcessor } from "@opentelemetry/sdk-logs";
 import type {
   IdGenerator,
@@ -17,7 +14,7 @@ import type {
   SpanLimits,
   SpanProcessor,
 } from "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base";
-import type { MetricReader, View } from "@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics";
+import type { MetricReader, ViewOptions } from "@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics";
 import type { FetchInstrumentationConfig } from "./instrumentations/fetch";
 
 export type PropagatorOrName =
@@ -41,10 +38,7 @@ export type SpanProcessorOrName = SpanProcessor | "auto";
 
 export type SpanExporterOrName = SpanExporter | "auto";
 
-export type InstrumentationOptionOrName =
-  | InstrumentationOption
-  | "fetch"
-  | "auto";
+export type InstrumentationOptionOrName = Instrumentation | "fetch" | "auto";
 
 export interface InstrumentationConfiguration {
   fetch?: FetchInstrumentationConfig;
@@ -77,7 +71,7 @@ export interface Configuration {
    *
    * Any additional attributes will be merged with the default attributes.
    */
-  attributes?: ResourceAttributes;
+  attributes?: Attributes;
 
   /**
    * This configuration is used to compute root span's attributes based on the request's headers.
@@ -89,7 +83,7 @@ export interface Configuration {
    */
   attributesFromHeaders?: AttributesFromHeaders;
 
-  resourceDetectors?: DetectorSync[];
+  resourceDetectors?: ResourceDetector[];
   autoDetectResources?: boolean;
 
   /**
@@ -148,14 +142,14 @@ export interface Configuration {
 
   spanLimits?: SpanLimits;
 
-  logRecordProcessor?: LogRecordProcessor;
-  metricReader?: MetricReader;
-  views?: View[];
+  logRecordProcessors?: LogRecordProcessor[];
+  metricReaders?: MetricReader[];
+  views?: ViewOptions[];
 }
 
 export type AttributesFromHeaderFunc = <Carrier = unknown>(
   headers: Carrier,
-  getter: TextMapGetter<Carrier>
+  getter: TextMapGetter<Carrier>,
 ) => Attributes | undefined;
 
 export type AttributesFromHeaders =
diff --git a/packages/otel/src/util/attributes.ts b/packages/otel/src/util/attributes.ts
index ab7ebfd..a35b72d 100644
--- a/packages/otel/src/util/attributes.ts
+++ b/packages/otel/src/util/attributes.ts
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ import type { Attributes } from "@opentelemetry/api";
 
 /** @internal */
 export function omitUndefinedAttributes<T extends Attributes = Attributes>(
-  obj: T
+  obj: T,
 ): T {
   return Object.fromEntries(
-    Object.entries(obj).filter(([_, value]) => value !== undefined)
+    Object.entries(obj).filter(([_, value]) => value !== undefined),
   ) as T;
 }
diff --git a/packages/otel/src/utils/env-parser.ts b/packages/otel/src/utils/env-parser.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d86339d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/otel/src/utils/env-parser.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/**
+ * This functions have been copied from the `@opentelemetry/core` package
+ * as using it directly causes issues with the Edge runtime.
+ */
+
+/** @internal */
+export function getStringFromEnv(key: string): string | undefined {
+  const raw = process.env[key];
+  if (!raw || raw.trim() === "") {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+  return raw;
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export function getStringListFromEnv(key: string): string[] | undefined {
+  return getStringFromEnv(key)
+    ?.split(",")
+    .map((v) => v.trim())
+    .filter((s) => s !== "");
+}
diff --git a/packages/otel/src/vercel-request-context/api.ts b/packages/otel/src/vercel-request-context/api.ts
index 99b6e9b..fea28e3 100644
--- a/packages/otel/src/vercel-request-context/api.ts
+++ b/packages/otel/src/vercel-request-context/api.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import type { SpanContext } from "@opentelemetry/api";
 /** @internal */
 export interface VercelRequestContext {
   waitUntil: (
-    promiseOrFunc: Promise<unknown> | (() => Promise<unknown>)
+    promiseOrFunc: Promise<unknown> | (() => Promise<unknown>),
   ) => void;
   headers: Record<string, string | undefined>;
   url: string;
diff --git a/packages/otel/src/vercel-request-context/attributes.ts b/packages/otel/src/vercel-request-context/attributes.ts
index 847adfe..da03a0d 100644
--- a/packages/otel/src/vercel-request-context/attributes.ts
+++ b/packages/otel/src/vercel-request-context/attributes.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import { getVercelRequestContext } from "./api";
 /** @internal */
 export function getVercelRequestContextAttributes(
   context: VercelRequestContext | undefined = getVercelRequestContext(),
-  attributesFromHeaders?: AttributesFromHeaders
+  attributesFromHeaders?: AttributesFromHeaders,
 ): Attributes | undefined {
   if (!context) {
     return undefined;
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ const getter: TextMapGetter<VercelRequestContextHeaders> = {
   },
   get(
     carrier: VercelRequestContextHeaders,
-    key: string
+    key: string,
   ): string | string[] | undefined {
     return carrier[key.toLocaleLowerCase()];
   },
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ const getter: TextMapGetter<VercelRequestContextHeaders> = {
 
 function resolveAttributesFromHeaders(
   attributesFromHeaders: AttributesFromHeaders,
-  headers: VercelRequestContextHeaders
+  headers: VercelRequestContextHeaders,
 ): Attributes | undefined {
   if (typeof attributesFromHeaders === "function") {
     return attributesFromHeaders(headers, getter);
diff --git a/packages/otel/src/vercel-request-context/exporter.ts b/packages/otel/src/vercel-request-context/exporter.ts
index 58666cd..ff9f959 100644
--- a/packages/otel/src/vercel-request-context/exporter.ts
+++ b/packages/otel/src/vercel-request-context/exporter.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 import { diag } from "@opentelemetry/api";
 import type { ReadableSpan, SpanExporter } from "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base";
 import { ExportResultCode, type ExportResult } from "@opentelemetry/core";
-import { createExportTraceServiceRequest } from "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer";
+import { JsonTraceSerializer } from "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer/build/src/trace/json/trace";
+import type { IExportTraceServiceRequest } from "@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer/build/src/trace/internal-types";
 import { getVercelRequestContext } from "./api";
 
 export class VercelRuntimeSpanExporter implements SpanExporter {
   export(
     spans: ReadableSpan[],
-    resultCallback: (result: ExportResult) => void
+    resultCallback: (result: ExportResult) => void,
   ): void {
     const context = getVercelRequestContext();
     if (!context?.telemetry) {
@@ -17,20 +18,15 @@ export class VercelRuntimeSpanExporter implements SpanExporter {
     }
 
     try {
-      // Converts a Span to IResourceSpans > IScopeSpans > ISpan structure, which
-      // is OTLP format. It's can be directly serialized to JSON or converted
-      // to Protobuf.
-      // {
-      //   // Uses hex-encoding trace and span IDs. Otherwise, base64 is used.
-      //   useHex: true,
-      //   // Uses `{high, low}` format for timestamps. Otherwise, `unixNanon` is used.
-      //   // TODO Fix this
-      //   useLongBits: false,
-      // }
-      const data = createExportTraceServiceRequest(spans, {
-        useHex: true,
-        useLongBits: false,
-      });
+      const serializedData = JsonTraceSerializer.serializeRequest(spans);
+
+      if (!serializedData) {
+        throw new Error("Failed to serialize spans");
+      }
+      // Convert back to object format for the Vercel telemetry API
+      const data = JSON.parse(
+        new TextDecoder().decode(serializedData),
+      ) as IExportTraceServiceRequest;
 
       context.telemetry.reportSpans(data);
       resultCallback({ code: ExportResultCode.SUCCESS, error: undefined });
diff --git a/packages/otel/src/vercel-request-context/propagator.ts b/packages/otel/src/vercel-request-context/propagator.ts
index ed64beb..9acbad9 100644
--- a/packages/otel/src/vercel-request-context/propagator.ts
+++ b/packages/otel/src/vercel-request-context/propagator.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ export class VercelRuntimePropagator implements TextMapPropagator {
 
     diag.debug(
       "@vercel/otel: Extracted root SpanContext from Vercel request context.",
-      rootSpanContext
+      rootSpanContext,
     );
     return tracing.setSpanContext(context, {
       ...rootSpanContext,
diff --git a/packages/otelzero/build.ts b/packages/otelzero/build.ts
index 3281f78..a74509a 100644
--- a/packages/otelzero/build.ts
+++ b/packages/otelzero/build.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ const MINIFY = true;
 const SOURCEMAP = true;
 
 const MAX_SIZES = {
-  "dist/index.js": 2_800,
+  "dist/index.js": 2_900,
 };
 
 async function buildAll(): Promise<void> {
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ async function buildAll(): Promise<void> {
     const s = await stat(file);
     if (s.size > maxSize) {
       errors.push(
-        `${file}: the size of ${s.size} is over the maximum allowed size of ${maxSize}`
+        `${file}: the size of ${s.size} is over the maximum allowed size of ${maxSize}`,
       );
     }
   }
diff --git a/packages/otelzero/package.json b/packages/otelzero/package.json
index 895d15d..e40585b 100644
--- a/packages/otelzero/package.json
+++ b/packages/otelzero/package.json
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@
     "unit-test-watch": "vitest"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.7.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/sdk-node": "^0.51.1",
-    "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base": "^1.19.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.9.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/sdk-node": "^0.205.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base": "^2.1.0",
     "@types/node": "18.15.11",
     "esbuild": "^0.19.4",
     "eslint-config": "workspace:*",
diff --git a/packages/otelzero/src/meter.ts b/packages/otelzero/src/meter.ts
index 478e646..9b93197 100644
--- a/packages/otelzero/src/meter.ts
+++ b/packages/otelzero/src/meter.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ export interface MeterOptions {
 export function meterCounter(
   name: string,
   value: number,
-  opts?: MeterOptions
+  opts?: MeterOptions,
 ): void {
   const meter = getMeter(opts ?? NO_OPTS);
   if (!meter) {
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ export function meterCounter(
 export function meterHistogram(
   name: string,
   value: number,
-  opts?: MeterOptions
+  opts?: MeterOptions,
 ): void {
   const meter = getMeter(opts ?? NO_OPTS);
   if (!meter) {
diff --git a/packages/otelzero/src/otel-sdk-providers.test.ts b/packages/otelzero/src/otel-sdk-providers.test.ts
index 55713a9..ab63a33 100644
--- a/packages/otelzero/src/otel-sdk-providers.test.ts
+++ b/packages/otelzero/src/otel-sdk-providers.test.ts
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ describe("via otel SDK", () => {
       const value: number = trace(
         "test",
         { attributes: { foo: "bar" } },
-        () => 42
+        () => 42,
       );
       expect(value).toBe(42);
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ describe("via otel SDK", () => {
           },
           () => {
             return rootTraceContext(() => trace("test2", () => 42));
-          }
+          },
         );
       });
       expect(value).toBe(42);
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ describe("via otel SDK", () => {
       expect(spans).toHaveLength(2);
       const sp = spans[0]!;
       expect(sp.name).toBe("test2");
-      expect(sp.parentSpanId).toBeUndefined();
+      expect(sp.parentSpanContext).toBeUndefined();
     });
 
     it("a root span with propagation", async () => {
@@ -108,12 +108,12 @@ describe("via otel SDK", () => {
             {
               attributes: { foo: "bar" },
             },
-            () => 42
+            () => 42,
           );
         },
         {
           traceparent: `00-ee75cd9e534ff5e9ed78b4a0c706f0f2-0f6a325411bdc432-01`,
-        }
+        },
       );
       expect(value).toBe(42);
 
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ describe("via otel SDK", () => {
       expect(spans).toHaveLength(1);
       const sp = spans[0]!;
       expect(sp.spanContext().traceId).toBe("ee75cd9e534ff5e9ed78b4a0c706f0f2");
-      expect(sp.parentSpanId).toBe("0f6a325411bdc432");
+      expect(sp.parentSpanContext?.spanId).toBe("0f6a325411bdc432");
       expect(sp.spanContext().spanId).not.toBe("0f6a325411bdc432");
       expect(sp.name).toBe("test");
       expect(sp.attributes.foo).toBe("bar");
diff --git a/packages/otelzero/src/span.ts b/packages/otelzero/src/span.ts
index f5d4d13..be63b72 100644
--- a/packages/otelzero/src/span.ts
+++ b/packages/otelzero/src/span.ts
@@ -11,8 +11,10 @@ export interface Span {
   addEvent: (
     name: string,
     attributesOrStartTime?: Attributes | TimeInput,
-    startTime?: TimeInput
+    startTime?: TimeInput,
   ) => this;
+  addLink: (link: Link) => this;
+  addLinks: (links: Link[]) => this;
   setStatus: (status: SpanStatus) => this;
   end: (endTime?: TimeInput) => void;
   isRecording: () => boolean;
diff --git a/packages/otelzero/src/test-util/meter-recorder.ts b/packages/otelzero/src/test-util/meter-recorder.ts
index cb7c1c7..72c99fe 100644
--- a/packages/otelzero/src/test-util/meter-recorder.ts
+++ b/packages/otelzero/src/test-util/meter-recorder.ts
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import type {
   ObservableGauge as OtelObservableGauge,
   ObservableUpDownCounter as OtelObservableUpDownCounter,
   UpDownCounter as OtelUpDownCounter,
+  Gauge as OtelGauge,
 } from "@opentelemetry/api";
 import type { Attributes } from "../attribute";
 
@@ -33,12 +34,12 @@ export class MeterRecorder implements OtelMeterProvider {
   getMeter(
     name: string,
     version?: string,
-    options?: OtelMeterOptions
+    options?: OtelMeterOptions,
   ): OtelMeter {
     return alloc(
       this.meters,
       name,
-      () => new MeterImpl(this.metrics, name, version, options)
+      () => new MeterImpl(this.metrics, name, version, options),
     );
   }
 }
@@ -53,52 +54,59 @@ class MeterImpl implements OtelMeter {
     private metrics: Metric[],
     private name: string,
     private version: string | undefined,
-    private options: OtelMeterOptions | undefined
+    private options: OtelMeterOptions | undefined,
   ) {}
 
   createHistogram<AttributesTypes extends Attributes = Attributes>(
     name: string,
-    options?: OtelMetricOptions | undefined
+    options?: OtelMetricOptions | undefined,
   ): OtelHistogram<AttributesTypes> {
     return alloc(
       this.instruments,
       name,
-      () => new HistogramImpl(this.metrics, name, options)
+      () => new HistogramImpl(this.metrics, name, options),
     ) as OtelHistogram<AttributesTypes>;
   }
 
   createCounter<AttributesTypes extends Attributes = Attributes>(
     name: string,
-    options?: OtelMetricOptions | undefined
+    options?: OtelMetricOptions | undefined,
   ): OtelCounter<AttributesTypes> {
     return alloc(
       this.instruments,
       name,
-      () => new CounterImpl(this.metrics, name, options)
+      () => new CounterImpl(this.metrics, name, options),
     ) as OtelCounter<AttributesTypes>;
   }
 
   createUpDownCounter<AttributesTypes extends Attributes = Attributes>(
     name: string,
-    options?: OtelMetricOptions | undefined
+    options?: OtelMetricOptions | undefined,
   ): OtelUpDownCounter<AttributesTypes> {
     return alloc(
       this.instruments,
       name,
-      () => new CounterImpl(this.metrics, name, options)
+      () => new CounterImpl(this.metrics, name, options),
     ) as OtelUpDownCounter<AttributesTypes>;
   }
 
+  createGauge<AttributesTypes extends Attributes = Attributes>(
+    _name: string,
+    _options?: OtelMetricOptions | undefined,
+  ): OtelGauge<AttributesTypes> {
+    throw new Error("Method not implemented.");
+  }
+
   createObservableGauge<AttributesTypes extends Attributes = Attributes>(
     _name: string,
-    _options?: OtelMetricOptions | undefined
+    _options?: OtelMetricOptions | undefined,
   ): OtelObservableGauge<AttributesTypes> {
     throw new Error("Method not implemented.");
   }
 
   createObservableCounter<AttributesTypes extends Attributes = Attributes>(
     _name: string,
-    _options?: OtelMetricOptions | undefined
+    _options?: OtelMetricOptions | undefined,
   ): OtelObservableCounter<AttributesTypes> {
     throw new Error("Method not implemented.");
   }
@@ -107,14 +115,14 @@ class MeterImpl implements OtelMeter {
     AttributesTypes extends Attributes = Attributes,
   >(
     _name: string,
-    _options?: OtelMetricOptions | undefined
+    _options?: OtelMetricOptions | undefined,
   ): OtelObservableUpDownCounter<AttributesTypes> {
     throw new Error("Method not implemented.");
   }
 
   addBatchObservableCallback<AttributesTypes extends Attributes = Attributes>(
     _callback: OtelBatchObservableCallback<AttributesTypes>,
-    _observables: OtelObservable<AttributesTypes>[]
+    _observables: OtelObservable<AttributesTypes>[],
   ): void {
     throw new Error("Method not implemented.");
   }
@@ -123,7 +131,7 @@ class MeterImpl implements OtelMeter {
     AttributesTypes extends Attributes = Attributes,
   >(
     _callback: OtelBatchObservableCallback<AttributesTypes>,
-    _observables: OtelObservable<AttributesTypes>[]
+    _observables: OtelObservable<AttributesTypes>[],
   ): void {
     throw new Error("Method not implemented.");
   }
@@ -133,7 +141,7 @@ class HistogramImpl implements OtelHistogram {
   constructor(
     private metrics: Metric[],
     private name: string,
-    private options: OtelMetricOptions | undefined
+    private options: OtelMetricOptions | undefined,
   ) {}
 
   record(value: number, attributes?: Attributes, _context?: unknown): void {
@@ -151,7 +159,7 @@ class CounterImpl implements OtelCounter, OtelUpDownCounter {
   constructor(
     private metrics: Metric[],
     private name: string,
-    private options: OtelMetricOptions | undefined
+    private options: OtelMetricOptions | undefined,
   ) {}
 
   add(value: number, attributes?: Attributes, _context?: unknown): void {
@@ -168,7 +176,7 @@ class CounterImpl implements OtelCounter, OtelUpDownCounter {
 function alloc<T>(
   map: Map<string, T>,
   key: string,
-  create: (key: string) => T
+  create: (key: string) => T,
 ): T {
   let value = map.get(key);
   if (value === undefined) {
diff --git a/packages/otelzero/src/trace.ts b/packages/otelzero/src/trace.ts
index 2d160ec..9727fa2 100644
--- a/packages/otelzero/src/trace.ts
+++ b/packages/otelzero/src/trace.ts
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ export type SpanCallback<T> = (span: Span) => T;
 export function rootTraceContext<T, Carrier = unknown>(
   fn: () => T,
   carrier?: Carrier,
-  getter?: CarrierGetter<Carrier>
+  getter?: CarrierGetter<Carrier>,
 ): T {
   return rootTraceContextImpl(fn, carrier, getter);
 }
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ export function rootTraceContext<T, Carrier = unknown>(
 export function injectTraceContext<Carrier>(
   span: Span | undefined | null,
   carrier: Carrier,
-  setter?: CarrierSetter<Carrier>
+  setter?: CarrierSetter<Carrier>,
 ): void {
   injectTraceContextImpl(span, carrier, setter);
 }
@@ -44,13 +44,13 @@ export function trace<T>(name: string, fn: SpanCallback<T>): T;
 export function trace<T>(
   name: string,
   opts: SpanOptions,
-  fn: SpanCallback<T>
+  fn: SpanCallback<T>,
 ): T;
 
 export function trace<T>(
   name: string,
   optsOrFn: SpanOptions | SpanCallback<T>,
-  maybeFn?: SpanCallback<T>
+  maybeFn?: SpanCallback<T>,
 ): T {
   const opts = typeof optsOrFn === "function" ? NO_OPTS : optsOrFn;
   const fn = typeof optsOrFn === "function" ? optsOrFn : maybeFn!;
@@ -59,19 +59,19 @@ export function trace<T>(
 
 export function wrapTrace<F extends (...args: any[]) => any>(
   name: string,
-  fn: F
+  fn: F,
 ): F;
 
 export function wrapTrace<F extends (...args: any[]) => any>(
   name: string,
   opts: SpanOptions,
-  fn: F
+  fn: F,
 ): F;
 
 export function wrapTrace<F extends (...args: any[]) => any>(
   name: string,
   optsOrFn: SpanOptions | F,
-  maybeFn?: F
+  maybeFn?: F,
 ): F {
   const opts = typeof optsOrFn === "function" ? NO_OPTS : optsOrFn;
   const fn = typeof optsOrFn === "function" ? optsOrFn : maybeFn!;
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ export function wrapTrace<F extends (...args: any[]) => any>(
 export function startSpan(
   name: string,
   opts?: SpanOptions,
-  parent?: Span
+  parent?: Span,
 ): Span {
   const otelTraceProvider = getOtelTraceProvider();
   const otelContextManager = getOtelContextManager();
@@ -139,6 +139,12 @@ const NO_SPAN: Span = {
   addEvent(): Span {
     return this;
   },
+  addLink(): Span {
+    return this;
+  },
+  addLinks(): Span {
+    return this;
+  },
   setStatus(): Span {
     return this;
   },
@@ -178,7 +184,7 @@ const defaultTextSetter: TextMapSetter<unknown> = {
 function rootTraceContextImpl<T, Carrier = unknown>(
   fn: () => T,
   carrier: Carrier | undefined,
-  getter: CarrierGetter<Carrier> | undefined
+  getter: CarrierGetter<Carrier> | undefined,
 ): T {
   const otelPropagator = getOtelPropagator();
   const otelContextManager = getOtelContextManager();
@@ -189,7 +195,7 @@ function rootTraceContextImpl<T, Carrier = unknown>(
       context = otelPropagator.extract(
         context,
         carrier,
-        getter ?? defaultTextGetter
+        getter ?? defaultTextGetter,
       );
     }
     return otelContextManager.with(context, fn);
@@ -200,7 +206,7 @@ function rootTraceContextImpl<T, Carrier = unknown>(
 function injectTraceContextImpl<Carrier>(
   span: Span | undefined | null,
   carrier: Carrier,
-  setter?: CarrierSetter<Carrier>
+  setter?: CarrierSetter<Carrier>,
 ): void {
   const otelPropagator = getOtelPropagator();
   const otelContextManager = getOtelContextManager();
@@ -239,7 +245,7 @@ function traceImpl<T>(name: string, opts: SpanOptions, fn: SpanCallback<T>): T {
         (e) => {
           endSpan(span, e);
           throw e;
-        }
+        },
       ) as T;
     } catch (e) {
       endSpan(span, e);
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index c8b6681..3123856 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -21,11 +21,11 @@ importers:
   apps/multiple-exporters:
     dependencies:
       '@opentelemetry/api':
-        specifier: ^1.7.0
-        version: 1.7.0
+        specifier: ^1.9.0
+        version: 1.9.0
       '@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base':
-        specifier: ^1.19.0
-        version: 1.19.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)
+        specifier: ^2.1.0
+        version: 2.1.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
       '@vercel/otel':
         specifier: workspace:^
         version: link:../../packages/otel
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ importers:
         version: link:../../packages/bridge-emulator
       next:
         specifier: 14.2.1-canary.7
-        version: 14.2.1-canary.7(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)(react-dom@18.2.0(react@18.2.0))(react@18.2.0)(sass@1.69.7)
+        version: 14.2.1-canary.7(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)(react-dom@18.2.0(react@18.2.0))(react@18.2.0)(sass@1.69.7)
       react:
         specifier: ^18
         version: 18.2.0
@@ -73,11 +73,11 @@ importers:
   apps/sample:
     dependencies:
       '@opentelemetry/api':
-        specifier: ^1.7.0
-        version: 1.7.0
+        specifier: ^1.9.0
+        version: 1.9.0
       '@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base':
-        specifier: ^1.19.0
-        version: 1.19.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)
+        specifier: ^2.1.0
+        version: 2.1.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
       '@vercel/otel':
         specifier: workspace:^
         version: link:../../packages/otel
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ importers:
         version: link:../../packages/bridge-emulator
       next:
         specifier: 14.2.1-canary.7
-        version: 14.2.1-canary.7(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)(react-dom@18.2.0(react@18.2.0))(react@18.2.0)(sass@1.69.7)
+        version: 14.2.1-canary.7(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)(react-dom@18.2.0(react@18.2.0))(react@18.2.0)(sass@1.69.7)
       react:
         specifier: ^18
         version: 18.2.0
@@ -125,14 +125,14 @@ importers:
   packages/bridge-emulator:
     dependencies:
       '@opentelemetry/api':
-        specifier: ^1.7.0
-        version: 1.7.0
+        specifier: ^1.9.0
+        version: 1.9.0
       formidable:
         specifier: 3.5.2
         version: 3.5.2
       next:
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-        version: 14.2.1-canary.7(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)(react-dom@18.2.0(react@18.2.0))(react@18.2.0)(sass@1.69.7)
+        version: 14.2.1-canary.7(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)(react-dom@18.2.0(react@18.2.0))(react@18.2.0)(sass@1.69.7)
     devDependencies:
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         specifier: 3.4.5
@@ -156,12 +156,12 @@ importers:
   packages/collector:
     dependencies:
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-        version: 0.46.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
-      '@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions':
-        specifier: ^1.19.0
-        version: 1.19.0
+        specifier: ^0.205.0
+        version: 0.205.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
     devDependencies:
+      '@types/node':
+        specifier: ^20
+        version: 20.11.0
       eslint-config:
         specifier: workspace:*
         version: link:../eslint-config
@@ -215,44 +215,41 @@ importers:
   packages/otel:
     devDependencies:
       '@opentelemetry/api':
-        specifier: ^1.7.0
-        version: 1.7.0
+        specifier: ^1.9.0
+        version: 1.9.0
       '@opentelemetry/api-logs':
-        specifier: ^0.46.0
-        version: 0.46.0
+        specifier: ^0.205.0
+        version: 0.205.0
       '@opentelemetry/context-async-hooks':
-        specifier: ^1.19.0
-        version: 1.19.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)
+        specifier: ^2.1.0
+        version: 2.1.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
       '@opentelemetry/core':
-        specifier: ^1.19.0
-        version: 1.19.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)
+        specifier: ^2.1.0
+        version: 2.1.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
       '@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-http':
-        specifier: ^0.46.0
-        version: 0.46.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)
+        specifier: ^0.205.0
+        version: 0.205.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
       '@opentelemetry/instrumentation':
-        specifier: ^0.46.0
-        version: 0.46.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)
+        specifier: ^0.205.0
+        version: 0.205.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
       '@opentelemetry/otlp-exporter-base':
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-        version: 0.46.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)
-      '@opentelemetry/otlp-proto-exporter-base':
-        specifier: ^0.46.0
-        version: 0.46.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)
+        specifier: ^0.205.0
+        version: 0.205.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
       '@opentelemetry/otlp-transformer':
-        specifier: ^0.46.0
-        version: 0.46.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)
+        specifier: ^0.205.0
+        version: 0.205.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
       '@opentelemetry/resources':
-        specifier: ^1.19.0
-        version: 1.19.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)
+        specifier: ^2.1.0
+        version: 2.1.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
       '@opentelemetry/sdk-logs':
-        specifier: ^0.46.0
-        version: 0.46.0(@opentelemetry/api-logs@0.46.0)(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)
+        specifier: ^0.205.0
+        version: 0.205.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
       '@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics':
-        specifier: ^1.19.0
-        version: 1.19.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)
+        specifier: ^2.1.0
+        version: 2.1.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
       '@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base':
-        specifier: ^1.19.0
-        version: 1.19.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)
+        specifier: ^2.1.0
+        version: 2.1.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
       '@types/node':
         specifier: 18.15.11
         version: 18.15.11
@@ -287,14 +284,14 @@ importers:
   packages/otelzero:
     devDependencies:
       '@opentelemetry/api':
-        specifier: ^1.7.0
-        version: 1.7.0
+        specifier: ^1.9.0
+        version: 1.9.0
       '@opentelemetry/sdk-node':
-        specifier: ^0.51.1
-        version: 0.51.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)
+        specifier: ^0.205.0
+        version: 0.205.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
       '@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base':
-        specifier: ^1.19.0
-        version: 1.24.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)
+        specifier: ^2.1.0
+        version: 2.1.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
       '@types/node':
         specifier: 18.15.11
         version: 18.15.11
@@ -345,11 +342,11 @@ importers:
         version: link:../../packages/collector
     devDependencies:
       '@opentelemetry/api':
-        specifier: ^1.7.0
-        version: 1.7.0
+        specifier: ^1.9.0
+        version: 1.9.0
       '@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base':
-        specifier: ^1.19.0
-        version: 1.19.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)
+        specifier: ^2.1.0
+        version: 2.1.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
       eslint-config:
         specifier: workspace:*
         version: link:../../packages/eslint-config
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@@ -1535,11 +1485,6 @@ packages:
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     peerDependencies:
@@ -1559,6 +1504,11 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: '>=0.4.0'}
     hasBin: true
 
+  acorn@8.15.0:
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+    engines: {node: '>=0.4.0'}
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+
   ajv@6.12.6:
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@@ -2539,11 +2489,8 @@ packages:
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     engines: {node: '>=6'}
 
-  import-in-the-middle@1.7.1:
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-
-  import-in-the-middle@1.7.4:
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+  import-in-the-middle@1.14.2:
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   import-meta-resolve@2.2.2:
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     engines: {node: '>=12.0.0'}
 
+  protobufjs@7.5.4:
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+    engines: {node: '>=12.0.0'}
+
   prr@1.0.1:
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@@ -3717,9 +3668,6 @@ packages:
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+  '@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base@2.1.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)':
     dependencies:
       '@opentelemetry/api': 1.9.0
-      '@opentelemetry/core': 1.19.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
-      '@opentelemetry/resources': 1.19.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
-      '@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions': 1.19.0
+      '@opentelemetry/core': 2.1.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
+      '@opentelemetry/resources': 2.1.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
+      '@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions': 1.37.0
 
-  '@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base@1.24.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)':
+  '@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-node@2.1.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)':
     dependencies:
-      '@opentelemetry/api': 1.7.0
-      '@opentelemetry/core': 1.24.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)
-      '@opentelemetry/resources': 1.24.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)
-      '@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions': 1.24.1
-
-  '@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-node@1.24.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)':
-    dependencies:
-      '@opentelemetry/api': 1.7.0
-      '@opentelemetry/context-async-hooks': 1.24.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)
-      '@opentelemetry/core': 1.24.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)
-      '@opentelemetry/propagator-b3': 1.24.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)
-      '@opentelemetry/propagator-jaeger': 1.24.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)
-      '@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base': 1.24.1(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)
-      semver: 7.5.4
-
-  '@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions@1.19.0': {}
+      '@opentelemetry/api': 1.9.0
+      '@opentelemetry/context-async-hooks': 2.1.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
+      '@opentelemetry/core': 2.1.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
+      '@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base': 2.1.0(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)
 
-  '@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions@1.24.1': {}
+  '@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions@1.37.0': {}
 
   '@pkgjs/parseargs@0.11.0':
     optional: true
@@ -5504,8 +5389,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   '@types/semver@7.5.6': {}
 
-  '@types/shimmer@1.0.5': {}
-
   '@types/supports-color@8.1.3': {}
 
   '@types/unist@2.0.10': {}
@@ -5829,22 +5712,24 @@ snapshots:
 
   abbrev@2.0.0: {}
 
-  acorn-import-assertions@1.9.0(acorn@8.11.3):
+  acorn-import-attributes@1.9.5(acorn@8.15.0):
     dependencies:
-      acorn: 8.11.3
+      acorn: 8.15.0
 
-  acorn-import-attributes@1.9.5(acorn@8.11.3):
+  acorn-jsx@5.3.2(acorn@8.11.3):
     dependencies:
       acorn: 8.11.3
 
-  acorn-jsx@5.3.2(acorn@8.11.3):
+  acorn-jsx@5.3.2(acorn@8.15.0):
     dependencies:
-      acorn: 8.11.3
+      acorn: 8.15.0
 
   acorn-walk@8.3.1: {}
 
   acorn@8.11.3: {}
 
+  acorn@8.15.0: {}
+
   ajv@6.12.6:
     dependencies:
       fast-deep-equal: 3.1.3
@@ -6434,7 +6319,7 @@ snapshots:
       eslint: 8.40.0
       eslint-import-resolver-node: 0.3.9
       eslint-import-resolver-typescript: 3.6.1(@typescript-eslint/parser@6.17.0(eslint@8.40.0)(typescript@5.3.3))(eslint-import-resolver-node@0.3.9)(eslint-plugin-import@2.29.1(eslint@8.40.0))(eslint@8.40.0)
-      eslint-plugin-import: 2.29.1(@typescript-eslint/parser@6.17.0(eslint@8.40.0)(typescript@5.3.3))(eslint-import-resolver-typescript@3.6.1)(eslint@8.40.0)
+      eslint-plugin-import: 2.29.1(@typescript-eslint/parser@6.17.0(eslint@8.40.0)(typescript@5.3.3))(eslint-import-resolver-typescript@3.6.1(@typescript-eslint/parser@6.17.0(eslint@8.40.0)(typescript@5.3.3))(eslint-import-resolver-node@0.3.9)(eslint-plugin-import@2.29.1(eslint@8.40.0))(eslint@8.40.0))(eslint@8.40.0)
       eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y: 6.8.0(eslint@8.40.0)
       eslint-plugin-react: 7.33.2(eslint@8.40.0)
       eslint-plugin-react-hooks: 4.6.0(eslint@8.40.0)
@@ -6526,7 +6411,7 @@ snapshots:
       enhanced-resolve: 5.15.0
       eslint: 8.40.0
       eslint-module-utils: 2.8.0(@typescript-eslint/parser@6.17.0(eslint@8.40.0)(typescript@5.3.3))(eslint-import-resolver-node@0.3.9)(eslint-import-resolver-typescript@3.6.1(@typescript-eslint/parser@6.17.0(eslint@8.40.0)(typescript@5.3.3))(eslint-import-resolver-node@0.3.9)(eslint-plugin-import@2.29.1(eslint@8.40.0))(eslint@8.40.0))(eslint@8.40.0)
-      eslint-plugin-import: 2.29.1(@typescript-eslint/parser@6.17.0(eslint@8.40.0)(typescript@5.3.3))(eslint-import-resolver-typescript@3.6.1)(eslint@8.40.0)
+      eslint-plugin-import: 2.29.1(@typescript-eslint/parser@6.17.0(eslint@8.40.0)(typescript@5.3.3))(eslint-import-resolver-typescript@3.6.1(@typescript-eslint/parser@6.17.0(eslint@8.40.0)(typescript@5.3.3))(eslint-import-resolver-node@0.3.9)(eslint-plugin-import@2.29.1(eslint@8.40.0))(eslint@8.40.0))(eslint@8.40.0)
       fast-glob: 3.3.2
       get-tsconfig: 4.7.2
       is-core-module: 2.13.1
@@ -6704,7 +6589,7 @@ snapshots:
       - eslint-import-resolver-webpack
       - supports-color
 
-  eslint-plugin-import@2.29.1(@typescript-eslint/parser@6.17.0(eslint@8.40.0)(typescript@5.3.3))(eslint-import-resolver-typescript@3.6.1)(eslint@8.40.0):
+  eslint-plugin-import@2.29.1(@typescript-eslint/parser@6.17.0(eslint@8.40.0)(typescript@5.3.3))(eslint-import-resolver-typescript@3.6.1(@typescript-eslint/parser@6.17.0(eslint@8.40.0)(typescript@5.3.3))(eslint-import-resolver-node@0.3.9)(eslint-plugin-import@2.29.1(eslint@8.40.0))(eslint@8.40.0))(eslint@8.40.0):
     dependencies:
       array-includes: 3.1.7
       array.prototype.findlastindex: 1.2.3
@@ -7382,17 +7267,10 @@ snapshots:
       parent-module: 1.0.1
       resolve-from: 4.0.0
 
-  import-in-the-middle@1.7.1:
+  import-in-the-middle@1.14.2:
     dependencies:
-      acorn: 8.11.3
-      acorn-import-assertions: 1.9.0(acorn@8.11.3)
-      cjs-module-lexer: 1.2.3
-      module-details-from-path: 1.0.3
-
-  import-in-the-middle@1.7.4:
-    dependencies:
-      acorn: 8.11.3
-      acorn-import-attributes: 1.9.5(acorn@8.11.3)
+      acorn: 8.15.0
+      acorn-import-attributes: 1.9.5(acorn@8.15.0)
       cjs-module-lexer: 1.2.3
       module-details-from-path: 1.0.3
 
@@ -7930,8 +7808,8 @@ snapshots:
 
   micromark-extension-mdxjs@1.0.1:
     dependencies:
-      acorn: 8.11.3
-      acorn-jsx: 5.3.2(acorn@8.11.3)
+      acorn: 8.15.0
+      acorn-jsx: 5.3.2(acorn@8.15.0)
       micromark-extension-mdx-expression: 1.0.8
       micromark-extension-mdx-jsx: 1.0.5
       micromark-extension-mdx-md: 1.0.1
@@ -8122,7 +8000,7 @@ snapshots:
 
   mlly@1.4.2:
     dependencies:
-      acorn: 8.11.3
+      acorn: 8.15.0
       pathe: 1.1.1
       pkg-types: 1.0.3
       ufo: 1.3.2
@@ -8153,7 +8031,7 @@ snapshots:
       sax: 1.3.0
     optional: true
 
-  next@14.2.1-canary.7(@opentelemetry/api@1.7.0)(react-dom@18.2.0(react@18.2.0))(react@18.2.0)(sass@1.69.7):
+  next@14.2.1-canary.7(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0)(react-dom@18.2.0(react@18.2.0))(react@18.2.0)(sass@1.69.7):
     dependencies:
       '@next/env': 14.2.1-canary.7
       '@swc/helpers': 0.5.5
@@ -8174,7 +8052,7 @@ snapshots:
       '@next/swc-win32-arm64-msvc': 14.2.1-canary.7
       '@next/swc-win32-ia32-msvc': 14.2.1-canary.7
       '@next/swc-win32-x64-msvc': 14.2.1-canary.7
-      '@opentelemetry/api': 1.7.0
+      '@opentelemetry/api': 1.9.0
       sass: 1.69.7
     transitivePeerDependencies:
       - '@babel/core'
@@ -8503,6 +8381,21 @@ snapshots:
       '@types/node': 20.11.0
       long: 5.2.3
 
+  protobufjs@7.5.4:
+    dependencies:
+      '@protobufjs/aspromise': 1.1.2
+      '@protobufjs/base64': 1.1.2
+      '@protobufjs/codegen': 2.0.4
+      '@protobufjs/eventemitter': 1.1.0
+      '@protobufjs/fetch': 1.1.0
+      '@protobufjs/float': 1.0.2
+      '@protobufjs/inquire': 1.1.0
+      '@protobufjs/path': 1.1.2
+      '@protobufjs/pool': 1.1.0
+      '@protobufjs/utf8': 1.1.0
+      '@types/node': 20.11.0
+      long: 5.2.3
+
   prr@1.0.1:
     optional: true
 
@@ -8767,8 +8660,6 @@ snapshots:
       vscode-oniguruma: 1.7.0
       vscode-textmate: 8.0.0
 
-  shimmer@1.2.1: {}
-
   side-channel@1.0.4:
     dependencies:
       call-bind: 1.0.5
diff --git a/tests/e2e/lib/expect-stdio.ts b/tests/e2e/lib/expect-stdio.ts
index 49a5521..b3fc382 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/lib/expect-stdio.ts
+++ b/tests/e2e/lib/expect-stdio.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { expect } from "vitest";
 
 export async function expectStdio(
   stdio: string[],
-  match: string | RegExp | ((s: string) => boolean)
+  match: string | RegExp | ((s: string) => boolean),
 ): Promise<void> {
   const found = await Promise.race([
     new Promise<boolean>((resolve) => {
diff --git a/tests/e2e/lib/expect-trace.ts b/tests/e2e/lib/expect-trace.ts
index 4de2964..31b5c1f 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/lib/expect-trace.ts
+++ b/tests/e2e/lib/expect-trace.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import type {
   SpanStatus,
 } from "@opentelemetry/api";
 import { SpanKind, SpanStatusCode } from "@opentelemetry/api";
+import { normalizeId } from "./normalize-id";
 
 export interface TraceMatch {
   traceId?: string;
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ export interface TraceMatch {
 
 export async function expectTrace(
   collector: OtelCollector,
-  tracesMatch: TraceMatch
+  tracesMatch: TraceMatch,
 ): Promise<void> {
   const numberOfSpans = countSpans(tracesMatch);
 
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ export async function expectTrace(
         traces.length
       }) [${traces
         .map((t) => `"${t.name}" (${t.spans.length} spans)`)
-        .join(", ")}]`
+        .join(", ")}]`,
     );
   }
 
@@ -75,9 +76,11 @@ export async function expectTrace(
   for (let i = 0; i < foundTrace.spans.length; i++) {
     const span = foundTrace.spans[i]!;
     const spanForMatching: TraceMatch = {
-      traceId: span.traceId,
-      spanId: span.spanId,
-      parentSpanId: span.parentSpanId,
+      traceId: normalizeId(span.traceId),
+      spanId: normalizeId(span.spanId),
+      parentSpanId: span.parentSpanId
+        ? normalizeId(span.parentSpanId)
+        : undefined,
       name: span.name,
       kind: eSpanKindToSpanKind(span.kind),
       status: eStatusToStatus(span.status),
@@ -156,14 +159,14 @@ const eStatusCodeToStatusCode = (eCode: number): SpanStatusCode => {
 };
 
 const eStatusToStatus = (
-  eStatus: ITrace["spans"][number]["status"]
+  eStatus: ITrace["spans"][number]["status"],
 ): SpanStatus => {
   const { code: eCode, message } = eStatus;
   return { code: eStatusCodeToStatusCode(eCode), message };
 };
 
 const eAttrValueToAttrValue = (
-  value: ITrace["spans"][number]["attributes"][number]["value"]
+  value: ITrace["spans"][number]["attributes"][number]["value"],
 ): AttributeValue | null => {
   if (value.stringValue !== undefined) {
     return value.stringValue;
@@ -186,7 +189,7 @@ const eAttrValueToAttrValue = (
 };
 
 const eAttrsToAttrs = (
-  attrs: ITrace["spans"][number]["attributes"]
+  attrs: ITrace["spans"][number]["attributes"],
 ): Attributes => {
   const result: Attributes = {};
   for (const { key, value } of attrs) {
@@ -209,7 +212,7 @@ export function printTraces(collector: OtelCollector): void {
       serviceMap[trace.serviceName]!.attributes.map(({ key, value }) => ({
         key,
         value: JSON.stringify(value),
-      }))
+      })),
     );
     for (const span of trace.spans) {
       console.log("  span:", span.name);
diff --git a/tests/e2e/lib/normalize-id.ts b/tests/e2e/lib/normalize-id.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4f3a19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/lib/normalize-id.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+export function normalizeId(id: string | Uint8Array): string {
+  if (typeof id === "string") {
+    return id;
+  }
+  return Buffer.from(id).toString("hex");
+}
diff --git a/tests/e2e/lib/with-bridge.ts b/tests/e2e/lib/with-bridge.ts
index 33b860b..4335e28 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/lib/with-bridge.ts
+++ b/tests/e2e/lib/with-bridge.ts
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ interface DescribeOptions {
 export function describe(
   name: string,
   opts: DescribeOptions,
-  fn: (props: () => DescribeProps) => void
+  fn: (props: () => DescribeProps) => void,
 ): ReturnType<typeof viDescribe> {
   return viDescribe(name, () => {
     let port: number;
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ export function describe(
       childProcess = await execStart(
         "pnpm",
         ["--filter", "sample", prodTest ? "start" : "dev", "--port", `${port}`],
-        stdio
+        stdio,
       );
       await new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
         const schedule = (): void => {
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ export function describe(
             void (async (): Promise<void> => {
               const resp = await Promise.race([
                 fetch(`http://127.0.0.1:${port}/vercel.svg`).catch(
-                  () => undefined
+                  () => undefined,
                 ),
                 new Promise<undefined>((r) => {
                   setTimeout(() => r(undefined), 100);
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ export function describe(
 async function execStart(
   command: string,
   args: string[],
-  stdio: DescribeProps["stdio"]
+  stdio: DescribeProps["stdio"],
 ): Promise<ChildProcess> {
   const child = spawn(command, args, {
     stdio: "pipe",
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ async function execStart(
   return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
     child.on("error", (reason) => {
       reject(
-        new Error(`${command} failed: ${reason.message}`, { cause: reason })
+        new Error(`${command} failed: ${reason.message}`, { cause: reason }),
       );
     });
     child.on("spawn", () => {
@@ -166,9 +166,9 @@ async function execStart(
         reject(
           new Error(
             `${command} failed with code ${String(code)}; signal: ${String(
-              signal
-            )}`
-          )
+              signal,
+            )}`,
+          ),
         );
       } else {
         reject(new Error(`${command} exited unexpectedly with code 0`));
diff --git a/tests/e2e/package.json b/tests/e2e/package.json
index 1a8f4fa..3015d10 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/package.json
+++ b/tests/e2e/package.json
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
   "author": "",
   "license": "ISC",
   "devDependencies": {
-    "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.7.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base": "^1.19.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.9.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base": "^2.1.0",
     "eslint-config": "workspace:*",
     "typescript": "^5",
     "typescript-config": "workspace:*",
diff --git a/tests/e2e/test/vercel-deployment/api-inbound.test.ts b/tests/e2e/test/vercel-deployment/api-inbound.test.ts
index 1136c33..04aa119 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/test/vercel-deployment/api-inbound.test.ts
+++ b/tests/e2e/test/vercel-deployment/api-inbound.test.ts
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ describe("vercel deployment: api inbound with fetch", {}, (props) => {
 
     const execResp = await bridge.fetch(
       `/api/service/baz?dataUrl=${encodeURIComponent(
-        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}`
-      )}`
+        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}`,
+      )}`,
     );
     expect(execResp.status).toBe(200);
     expect(await execResp.text()).toEqual("Success baz bar");
@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ describe("vercel deployment: api inbound with fetch", {}, (props) => {
 
     const execResp = await bridge.fetch(
       `/api/service/baz?dataUrl=${encodeURIComponent(
-        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}`
-      )}&mode=formdata`
+        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}`,
+      )}&mode=formdata`,
     );
     expect(execResp.status).toBe(200);
     expect(await execResp.text()).toEqual("Success baz bar");
@@ -149,8 +149,8 @@ describe("vercel deployment: api inbound with fetch", {}, (props) => {
 
     const execResp = await bridge.fetch(
       `/api/service/baz/edge?dataUrl=${encodeURIComponent(
-        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}`
-      )}`
+        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}`,
+      )}`,
     );
     expect(execResp.status).toBe(200);
     expect(await execResp.text()).toEqual("Success edge baz bar");
@@ -203,8 +203,8 @@ describe("vercel deployment: api inbound with http", {}, (props) => {
 
     const execResp = await bridge.fetch(
       `/api/service/baz?dataUrl=${encodeURIComponent(
-        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}`
-      )}&fetchType=http`
+        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}`,
+      )}&fetchType=http`,
     );
     expect(execResp.status).toBe(200);
     expect(await execResp.text()).toEqual("Success baz bar");
@@ -273,8 +273,8 @@ describe("vercel deployment: api inbound with http", {}, (props) => {
 
     const execResp = await bridge.fetch(
       `/api/service/baz?dataUrl=${encodeURIComponent(
-        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}`
-      )}&mode=formdata&fetchType=http`
+        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}`,
+      )}&mode=formdata&fetchType=http`,
     );
     expect(execResp.status).toBe(200);
     expect(await execResp.text()).toEqual("Success baz bar");
diff --git a/tests/e2e/test/vercel-deployment/custom-span-processor.test.ts b/tests/e2e/test/vercel-deployment/custom-span-processor.test.ts
index 0ebdc49..d01d984 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/test/vercel-deployment/custom-span-processor.test.ts
+++ b/tests/e2e/test/vercel-deployment/custom-span-processor.test.ts
@@ -29,5 +29,5 @@ describe(
       await expectStdio(stdio.out, "name: 'GET /slugs/[slug]/edge'");
       expect(collector.getAllTraces().length).toBe(0);
     });
-  }
+  },
 );
diff --git a/tests/e2e/test/vercel-deployment/render-outbound.test.ts b/tests/e2e/test/vercel-deployment/render-outbound.test.ts
index 8994f5d..86a5dac 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/test/vercel-deployment/render-outbound.test.ts
+++ b/tests/e2e/test/vercel-deployment/render-outbound.test.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { SpanKind, SpanStatusCode } from "@opentelemetry/api";
 import type { ITrace } from "collector";
 import { describe } from "../../lib/with-bridge";
 import { expectTrace } from "../../lib/expect-trace";
+import { normalizeId } from "../../lib/normalize-id";
 
 describe("vercel deployment: outbound with fetch", {}, (props) => {
   it("should create a span for fetch", async () => {
@@ -10,8 +11,8 @@ describe("vercel deployment: outbound with fetch", {}, (props) => {
 
     await bridge.fetch(
       `/slugs/baz?dataUrl=${encodeURIComponent(
-        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}`
-      )}`
+        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}`,
+      )}`,
     );
 
     await expectTrace(collector, {
@@ -79,7 +80,9 @@ describe("vercel deployment: outbound with fetch", {}, (props) => {
     // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
     const fetch = fetches[0]!;
     expect(fetch.headers.get("traceparent")).toEqual(
-      `00-${fetchSpan.traceId}-${fetchSpan.spanId}-01`
+      `00-${normalizeId(fetchSpan.traceId)}-${normalizeId(
+        fetchSpan.spanId,
+      )}-01`,
     );
   });
 
@@ -88,8 +91,8 @@ describe("vercel deployment: outbound with fetch", {}, (props) => {
 
     await bridge.fetch(
       `/slugs/baz/edge?dataUrl=${encodeURIComponent(
-        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}`
-      )}`
+        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}`,
+      )}`,
     );
 
     await expectTrace(collector, {
@@ -157,7 +160,9 @@ describe("vercel deployment: outbound with fetch", {}, (props) => {
     // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
     const fetch = fetches[0]!;
     expect(fetch.headers.get("traceparent")).toEqual(
-      `00-${fetchSpan.traceId}-${fetchSpan.spanId}-01`
+      `00-${normalizeId(fetchSpan.traceId)}-${normalizeId(
+        fetchSpan.spanId,
+      )}-01`,
     );
   });
 
@@ -166,8 +171,8 @@ describe("vercel deployment: outbound with fetch", {}, (props) => {
 
     await bridge.fetch(
       `/slugs/baz?dataUrl=${encodeURIComponent(
-        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}?no-propagation=1`
-      )}`
+        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}?no-propagation=1`,
+      )}`,
     );
 
     await expectTrace(collector, {
@@ -226,8 +231,8 @@ describe("vercel deployment: outbound with fetch", {}, (props) => {
 
     await bridge.fetch(
       `/slugs/baz?dataUrl=${encodeURIComponent(
-        `http://localhost:${bridge.port + 1}`
-      )}`
+        `http://localhost:${bridge.port + 1}`,
+      )}`,
     );
 
     await expectTrace(collector, {
@@ -281,8 +286,8 @@ describe("vercel deployment: outbound with fetch", {}, (props) => {
 
     await bridge.fetch(
       `/slugs/baz?dataUrl=${encodeURIComponent(
-        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}`
-      )}&status=500`
+        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}`,
+      )}&status=500`,
     );
 
     await expectTrace(collector, {
@@ -337,8 +342,9 @@ describe("vercel deployment: outbound with http", {}, (props) => {
 
     await bridge.fetch(
       `/slugs/baz?dataUrl=${encodeURIComponent(
-        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}?fetchType=http`
-      )}`, {}
+        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}?fetchType=http`,
+      )}`,
+      {},
     );
 
     await expectTrace(collector, {
@@ -402,7 +408,9 @@ describe("vercel deployment: outbound with http", {}, (props) => {
     // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
     const fetch = fetches[0]!;
     expect(fetch.headers.get("traceparent")).toEqual(
-      `00-${fetchSpan.traceId}-${fetchSpan.spanId}-01`
+      `00-${normalizeId(fetchSpan.traceId)}-${normalizeId(
+        fetchSpan.spanId,
+      )}-01`,
     );
   });
 
@@ -411,8 +419,8 @@ describe("vercel deployment: outbound with http", {}, (props) => {
 
     await bridge.fetch(
       `/slugs/baz?dataUrl=${encodeURIComponent(
-        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}?no-propagation=1&fetchType=http`
-      )}`
+        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}?no-propagation=1&fetchType=http`,
+      )}`,
     );
 
     await expectTrace(collector, {
@@ -468,8 +476,8 @@ describe("vercel deployment: outbound with http", {}, (props) => {
 
     await bridge.fetch(
       `/slugs/baz?dataUrl=${encodeURIComponent(
-        `http://localhost:${bridge.port + 1}?fetchType=http`
-      )}`
+        `http://localhost:${bridge.port + 1}?fetchType=http`,
+      )}`,
     );
 
     await expectTrace(collector, {
@@ -505,7 +513,9 @@ describe("vercel deployment: outbound with http", {}, (props) => {
                       name: "exception",
                       attributes: {
                         "exception.type": "ECONNREFUSED",
-                        "exception.message": `connect ECONNREFUSED ::1:${bridge.port + 1}`,
+                        "exception.message": `connect ECONNREFUSED ::1:${
+                          bridge.port + 1
+                        }`,
                       },
                     },
                   ],
@@ -523,8 +533,8 @@ describe("vercel deployment: outbound with http", {}, (props) => {
 
     await bridge.fetch(
       `/slugs/baz?dataUrl=${encodeURIComponent(
-        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}?fetchType=http`
-      )}&status=500`
+        `http://localhost:${bridge.port}?fetchType=http`,
+      )}&status=500`,
     );
 
     await expectTrace(collector, {
@@ -583,8 +593,8 @@ describe(
 
       await bridge.fetch(
         `/slugs/baz?dataUrl=${encodeURIComponent(
-          `http://localhost:${bridge.port}`
-        )}`
+          `http://localhost:${bridge.port}`,
+        )}`,
       );
 
       await expectTrace(collector, {
@@ -639,8 +649,8 @@ describe(
       // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
       const fetch = fetches[0]!;
       expect(fetch.headers.get("traceparent")).toMatch(
-        /00-[0-9a-fA-F]{32}-[0-9a-fA-F]{16}-01/
+        /00-[0-9a-fA-F]{32}-[0-9a-fA-F]{16}-01/,
       );
     });
-  }
+  },
 );
diff --git a/tests/e2e/test/vercel-deployment/vercel-collector.test.ts b/tests/e2e/test/vercel-deployment/vercel-collector.test.ts
index 6e5ee3d..b524beb 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/test/vercel-deployment/vercel-collector.test.ts
+++ b/tests/e2e/test/vercel-deployment/vercel-collector.test.ts
@@ -112,5 +112,5 @@ describe(
         ],
       });
     });
-  }
+  },
 );