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Dubbo的网络通信
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<p>Dubbo 支持多种协议，如下图所示：<br><img src="/imgs/Dubbo/Protocol%E6%89%A9%E5%B1%95.png" alt="Protocol扩展" title="Protocol扩展"><br>在通信过程中，不同的服务等级一般对应着不同的服务质量，那么选择合适的协议便是一件非常重要的事情，需要根据应用的特征来选择。例如，使用 RMI 协议，一般会受到防火墙的限制，所以对于外部与内部进行通信的场景，就不要使用 RMI 协议，而是基于 HTTP 协议或者 Hessian 协议。</p>
<h3 id="Hessian-协议"><a href="#Hessian-协议" class="headerlink" title="Hessian 协议"></a>Hessian 协议</h3><ul>
<li>连接个数：多连接</li>
<li>连接方式：短连接</li>
<li>传输协议：HTTP</li>
<li>传输方式：同步传输</li>
<li>序列化：Hessian 二进制序列化</li>
<li>适用范围：传入传出参数数据包较大，提供者比消费者个数多，提供者压力较大，可传文件。</li>
<li>适用场景：页面传输，文件传输，Hessian 是 Caucho 开源的一个 RPC 框架，其通讯效率高于 WebService 和 Java 自带的序列化，Hessian 底层采用 Http 通讯，采用 Servlet 暴露服务，Dubbo 缺省内嵌 Jetty 作为服务器实现。</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><!--定义 hessian 协议 --></span><br><span class="line"><dubbo:protocol name="hessian" port="8080" server="jetty" /></span><br><span class="line"><!--设置默认协议 --></span><br><span class="line"><dubbo:service protocol="hessian" /></span><br><span class="line"><!--设置 service 协议 --></span><br><span class="line"><dubbo:service protocol="hessian" /></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><dependency></span><br><span class="line"> <groupId>com.caucho</groupId></span><br><span class="line"> <artifactId>hessian</artifactId></span><br><span class="line"> <version>4.0.33</version></span><br><span class="line"></dependency></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="Http-协议"><a href="#Http-协议" class="headerlink" title="Http 协议"></a>Http 协议</h3><ul>
<li>连接个数：多连接</li>
<li>连接方式：短连接</li>
<li>传输协议：HTTP</li>
<li>传输方式：同步传输</li>
<li>序列化：表单序列化</li>
<li>适用范围：传入传出参数数据包大小混合，提供者比消费者个数多，可用浏览器查看，可用表单或 URL 传入参数，暂不支持传文件。</li>
<li>适用场景：需同时给应用程序和浏览器 JS 使用的服务。</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><!--配置协议 --></span><br><span class="line"><dubbo:protocol name="http" port="8080" /></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="Thrift-协议"><a href="#Thrift-协议" class="headerlink" title="Thrift 协议"></a>Thrift 协议</h3><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><dependency></span><br><span class="line"> <groupId>org.apache.thrift</groupId></span><br><span class="line"> <artifactId>libthrift</artifactId></span><br><span class="line"> <version>0.8.0</version></span><br><span class="line"></dependency></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><dubbo:protocol name="thrift" port="3030" /></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>Dubbo 使用的 Thrift 和原生的 Thrift 协议不兼容，在原生协议的基础上添加了一些额外的头信息，比如 service name，magic number 等。</p>
<h3 id="Rest-协议"><a href="#Rest-协议" class="headerlink" title="Rest 协议"></a>Rest 协议</h3><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><!-- 用rest协议在8080端口暴露服务 --></span><br><span class="line"><dubbo:protocol name="rest" port="8080"/></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><!-- 声明需要暴露的服务接口 --></span><br><span class="line"><dubbo:service interface="com.service.OrderService" ref="orderService"/></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><!-- 和本地bean一样实现服务 --></span><br><span class="line"><bean id="orderService" class="com.service.OrderServiceImpl" /></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>在代码中需要通过注解指定访问路径：</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">public class OrderService { </span><br><span class="line"> void createOrder(Order order);</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">@Path("orders") // 访问Url的相对路径</span><br><span class="line">public class OrderServiceImpl implements OrderService {</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> @POST</span><br><span class="line"> @Path("create") // 访问Url的相对路径</span><br><span class="line"> // 将传递过来的JSON数据反序列化为Order对象</span><br><span class="line"> @Consumes({MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON}) </span><br><span class="line"> public void createOrder(Order order) {</span><br><span class="line"> // create the order...</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="长连接-OR-短连接"><a href="#长连接-OR-短连接" class="headerlink" title="长连接 OR 短连接"></a>长连接 OR 短连接</h3><p>Dubbo 协议缺省每服务每提供者每消费者使用单一长连接，如果数据量较大，可以使用多个连接。</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><!-- 表示该服务使用 JVM 共享长连接 --></span><br><span class="line"><dubbo:service connections="0"> </span><br><span class="line"><dubbo:reference connections="0"></span><br><span class="line"><!-- 表示该服务使用独立长连接 --></span><br><span class="line"><dubbo:service connections="1"> </span><br><span class="line"><dubbo:reference connections="1"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="为什么要消费者比提供者个数多"><a href="#为什么要消费者比提供者个数多" class="headerlink" title="为什么要消费者比提供者个数多"></a>为什么要消费者比提供者个数多</h3><p>因为 dubbo 协议采用单一长连接，假设网络为千兆网卡 3，根据测试经验数据每条连接最多只能压满 7MByte（不同的环境可能不一样），理论上 1 个服务提供者需要 20 个服务消费者才能压满网卡。</p>
<h3 id="为什么不能传大包"><a href="#为什么不能传大包" class="headerlink" title="为什么不能传大包"></a>为什么不能传大包</h3><p>因 dubbo 协议采用单一长连接，如果每次请求的数据包大小为 500KByte，假设网络为千兆网卡 3，每条连接最大 7MByte(不同的环境可能不一样，供参考)，单个服务提供者的 TPS(每秒处理事务数)最大为：128MByte / 500KByte = 262。单个消费者调用单个服务提供者的 TPS(每秒处理事务数)最大为：7MByte / 500KByte = 14。如果能接受，可以考虑使用，否则网络将成为瓶颈。</p>
<h3 id="为什么采用异步单一长连接"><a href="#为什么采用异步单一长连接" class="headerlink" title="为什么采用异步单一长连接"></a>为什么采用异步单一长连接</h3><p>因为服务的现状大都是服务提供者少，通常只有几台机器，而服务的消费者多，可能整个网站都在访问该服务，比如 Morgan 的提供者只有 6 台提供者，却有上百台消费者，每天有 1.5 亿次调用，如果采用常规的 hessian 服务，服务提供者很容易就被压跨，通过单一连接，保证单一消费者不会压死提供者，长连接，减少连接握手验证等，并使用异步 IO，复用线程池，防止 C10K 问题（服务器无法服务 1w 左右的并发连接）。</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><!-- 配置协议端口和服务提供方最大连接数，防止服务被压垮 --></span><br><span class="line"><dubbo:protocol name="dubbo" port="20880" accepts="1000" /></span><br><span class="line"><!--配置dubbo默认协议 --></span><br><span class="line"><dubbo:provider protocol="dubbo" /></span><br><span class="line"><!--配置dubbo设置服务协议 --></span><br><span class="line"><dubbo:service protocol="dubbo" /></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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