diff --git a/cmd/picoclaw/main.go b/cmd/picoclaw/main.go
index 1e4b393f8d..25ad701ca6 100644
--- a/cmd/picoclaw/main.go
+++ b/cmd/picoclaw/main.go
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ func main() {
 
 		workspace := cfg.WorkspacePath()
 		installer := skills.NewSkillInstaller(workspace)
-		// 获取全局配置目录和内置 skills 目录
+		// get global config directory and builtin skills directory
 		globalDir := filepath.Dir(getConfigPath())
 		globalSkillsDir := filepath.Join(globalDir, "skills")
 		builtinSkillsDir := filepath.Join(globalDir, "picoclaw", "skills")
diff --git a/pkg/channels/qq.go b/pkg/channels/qq.go
index e66cac533e..b10776db61 100644
--- a/pkg/channels/qq.go
+++ b/pkg/channels/qq.go
@@ -47,31 +47,31 @@ func (c *QQChannel) Start(ctx context.Context) error {
 
 	logger.InfoC("qq", "Starting QQ bot (WebSocket mode)")
 
-	// 创建 token source
+	// create token source
 	credentials := &token.QQBotCredentials{
 		AppID:     c.config.AppID,
 		AppSecret: c.config.AppSecret,
 	}
 	c.tokenSource = token.NewQQBotTokenSource(credentials)
 
-	// 创建子 context
+	// create child context
 	c.ctx, c.cancel = context.WithCancel(ctx)
 
-	// 启动自动刷新 token 协程
+	// start auto-refresh token goroutine
 	if err := token.StartRefreshAccessToken(c.ctx, c.tokenSource); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to start token refresh: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// 初始化 OpenAPI 客户端
+	// initialize OpenAPI client
 	c.api = botgo.NewOpenAPI(c.config.AppID, c.tokenSource).WithTimeout(5 * time.Second)
 
-	// 注册事件处理器
+	// register event handlers
 	intent := event.RegisterHandlers(
 		c.handleC2CMessage(),
 		c.handleGroupATMessage(),
 	)
 
-	// 获取 WebSocket 接入点
+	// get WebSocket endpoint
 	wsInfo, err := c.api.WS(c.ctx, nil, "")
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get websocket info: %w", err)
@@ -81,10 +81,10 @@ func (c *QQChannel) Start(ctx context.Context) error {
 		"shards": wsInfo.Shards,
 	})
 
-	// 创建并保存 sessionManager
+	// create and save sessionManager
 	c.sessionManager = botgo.NewSessionManager()
 
-	// 在 goroutine 中启动 WebSocket 连接，避免阻塞
+	// start WebSocket connection in goroutine to avoid blocking
 	go func() {
 		if err := c.sessionManager.Start(wsInfo, c.tokenSource, &intent); err != nil {
 			logger.ErrorCF("qq", "WebSocket session error", map[string]any{
@@ -116,12 +116,12 @@ func (c *QQChannel) Send(ctx context.Context, msg bus.OutboundMessage) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("QQ bot not running")
 	}
 
-	// 构造消息
+	// construct message
 	msgToCreate := &dto.MessageToCreate{
 		Content: msg.Content,
 	}
 
-	// C2C 消息发送
+	// send C2C message
 	_, err := c.api.PostC2CMessage(ctx, msg.ChatID, msgToCreate)
 	if err != nil {
 		logger.ErrorCF("qq", "Failed to send C2C message", map[string]any{
@@ -133,15 +133,15 @@ func (c *QQChannel) Send(ctx context.Context, msg bus.OutboundMessage) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// handleC2CMessage 处理 QQ 私聊消息
+// handleC2CMessage handles QQ private messages
 func (c *QQChannel) handleC2CMessage() event.C2CMessageEventHandler {
 	return func(event *dto.WSPayload, data *dto.WSC2CMessageData) error {
-		// 去重检查
+		// deduplication check
 		if c.isDuplicate(data.ID) {
 			return nil
 		}
 
-		// 提取用户信息
+		// extract user info
 		var senderID string
 		if data.Author != nil && data.Author.ID != "" {
 			senderID = data.Author.ID
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ func (c *QQChannel) handleC2CMessage() event.C2CMessageEventHandler {
 			return nil
 		}
 
-		// 提取消息内容
+		// extract message content
 		content := data.Content
 		if content == "" {
 			logger.DebugC("qq", "Received empty message, ignoring")
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ func (c *QQChannel) handleC2CMessage() event.C2CMessageEventHandler {
 			"length": len(content),
 		})
 
-		// 转发到消息总线
+		// forward to message bus
 		metadata := map[string]string{
 			"message_id": data.ID,
 			"peer_kind":  "direct",
@@ -175,15 +175,15 @@ func (c *QQChannel) handleC2CMessage() event.C2CMessageEventHandler {
 	}
 }
 
-// handleGroupATMessage 处理群@消息
+// handleGroupATMessage handles group @messages
 func (c *QQChannel) handleGroupATMessage() event.GroupATMessageEventHandler {
 	return func(event *dto.WSPayload, data *dto.WSGroupATMessageData) error {
-		// 去重检查
+		// deduplication check
 		if c.isDuplicate(data.ID) {
 			return nil
 		}
 
-		// 提取用户信息
+		// extract user info
 		var senderID string
 		if data.Author != nil && data.Author.ID != "" {
 			senderID = data.Author.ID
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ func (c *QQChannel) handleGroupATMessage() event.GroupATMessageEventHandler {
 			return nil
 		}
 
-		// 提取消息内容（去掉 @ 机器人部分）
+		// extract message content (remove @bot part)
 		content := data.Content
 		if content == "" {
 			logger.DebugC("qq", "Received empty group message, ignoring")
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ func (c *QQChannel) handleGroupATMessage() event.GroupATMessageEventHandler {
 			"length": len(content),
 		})
 
-		// 转发到消息总线（使用 GroupID 作为 ChatID）
+		// forward to message bus (use GroupID as ChatID)
 		metadata := map[string]string{
 			"message_id": data.ID,
 			"group_id":   data.GroupID,
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ func (c *QQChannel) handleGroupATMessage() event.GroupATMessageEventHandler {
 	}
 }
 
-// isDuplicate 检查消息是否重复
+// isDuplicate checks if message is duplicate
 func (c *QQChannel) isDuplicate(messageID string) bool {
 	c.mu.Lock()
 	defer c.mu.Unlock()
@@ -230,9 +230,9 @@ func (c *QQChannel) isDuplicate(messageID string) bool {
 
 	c.processedIDs[messageID] = true
 
-	// 简单清理：限制 map 大小
+	// simple cleanup: limit map size
 	if len(c.processedIDs) > 10000 {
-		// 清空一半
+		// clear half
 		count := 0
 		for id := range c.processedIDs {
 			if count >= 5000 {
diff --git a/pkg/channels/slack.go b/pkg/channels/slack.go
index f7359cd6d6..f087aa8da8 100644
--- a/pkg/channels/slack.go
+++ b/pkg/channels/slack.go
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ func (c *SlackChannel) handleMessageEvent(ev *slackevents.MessageEvent) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	// 检查白名单，避免为被拒绝的用户下载附件
+	// check allowlist to avoid downloading attachments for rejected users
 	if !c.IsAllowed(ev.User) {
 		logger.DebugCF("slack", "Message rejected by allowlist", map[string]any{
 			"user_id": ev.User,
@@ -232,9 +232,9 @@ func (c *SlackChannel) handleMessageEvent(ev *slackevents.MessageEvent) {
 	content = c.stripBotMention(content)
 
 	var mediaPaths []string
-	localFiles := []string{} // 跟踪需要清理的本地文件
+	localFiles := []string{} // track local files that need cleanup
 
-	// 确保临时文件在函数返回时被清理
+	// ensure temp files are cleaned up when function returns
 	defer func() {
 		for _, file := range localFiles {
 			if err := os.Remove(file); err != nil {
diff --git a/pkg/channels/telegram.go b/pkg/channels/telegram.go
index a0a1c8d0a8..5cd51e8bcd 100644
--- a/pkg/channels/telegram.go
+++ b/pkg/channels/telegram.go
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ func (c *TelegramChannel) handleMessage(ctx context.Context, message *telego.Mes
 		senderID = fmt.Sprintf("%d|%s", user.ID, user.Username)
 	}
 
-	// 检查白名单，避免为被拒绝的用户下载附件
+	// check allowlist to avoid downloading attachments for rejected users
 	if !c.IsAllowed(senderID) {
 		logger.DebugCF("telegram", "Message rejected by allowlist", map[string]any{
 			"user_id": senderID,
@@ -221,9 +221,9 @@ func (c *TelegramChannel) handleMessage(ctx context.Context, message *telego.Mes
 
 	content := ""
 	mediaPaths := []string{}
-	localFiles := []string{} // 跟踪需要清理的本地文件
+	localFiles := []string{} // track local files that need cleanup
 
-	// 确保临时文件在函数返回时被清理
+	// ensure temp files are cleaned up when function returns
 	defer func() {
 		for _, file := range localFiles {
 			if err := os.Remove(file); err != nil {
diff --git a/pkg/skills/loader.go b/pkg/skills/loader.go
index f4f55a698e..5749d89838 100644
--- a/pkg/skills/loader.go
+++ b/pkg/skills/loader.go
@@ -55,9 +55,9 @@ func (info SkillInfo) validate() error {
 
 type SkillsLoader struct {
 	workspace       string
-	workspaceSkills string // workspace skills (项目级别)
-	globalSkills    string // 全局 skills (~/.picoclaw/skills)
-	builtinSkills   string // 内置 skills
+	workspaceSkills string // workspace skills (project-level)
+	globalSkills    string // global skills (~/.picoclaw/skills)
+	builtinSkills   string // builtin skills
 }
 
 func NewSkillsLoader(workspace string, globalSkills string, builtinSkills string) *SkillsLoader {
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ func (sl *SkillsLoader) ListSkills() []SkillInfo {
 }
 
 func (sl *SkillsLoader) LoadSkill(name string) (string, bool) {
-	// 1. 优先从 workspace skills 加载（项目级别）
+	// 1. load from workspace skills first (project-level)
 	if sl.workspaceSkills != "" {
 		skillFile := filepath.Join(sl.workspaceSkills, name, "SKILL.md")
 		if content, err := os.ReadFile(skillFile); err == nil {
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ func (sl *SkillsLoader) LoadSkill(name string) (string, bool) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// 2. 其次从全局 skills 加载 (~/.picoclaw/skills)
+	// 2. then load from global skills (~/.picoclaw/skills)
 	if sl.globalSkills != "" {
 		skillFile := filepath.Join(sl.globalSkills, name, "SKILL.md")
 		if content, err := os.ReadFile(skillFile); err == nil {
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ func (sl *SkillsLoader) LoadSkill(name string) (string, bool) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// 3. 最后从内置 skills 加载
+	// 3. finally load from builtin skills
 	if sl.builtinSkills != "" {
 		skillFile := filepath.Join(sl.builtinSkills, name, "SKILL.md")
 		if content, err := os.ReadFile(skillFile); err == nil {