_testcapimodule.c

/*
 * C Extension module to test Python interpreter C APIs.
 *
 * The 'test_*' functions exported by this module are run as part of the
 * standard Python regression test, via Lib/test/test_capi.py.
 */

/* This module tests the public (Include/ and Include/cpython/) C API.
   The internal C API must not be used here: use _testinternalcapi for that.

   The Visual Studio projects builds _testcapi with Py_BUILD_CORE_MODULE
   macro defined, but only the public C API must be tested here. */

#undef Py_BUILD_CORE_MODULE
#undef Py_BUILD_CORE_BUILTIN

/* Always enable assertions */
#undef NDEBUG

#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN

#include "Python.h"
#include "marshal.h"              // PyMarshal_WriteLongToFile
#include "structmember.h"         // PyMemberDef
#include <float.h>                // FLT_MAX
#include <signal.h>

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H
#include <sys/wait.h>             // W_STOPCODE
#endif

#ifdef Py_BUILD_CORE
#  error "_testcapi must test the public Python C API, not CPython internal C API"
#endif

#ifdef bool
#  error "The public headers should not include <stdbool.h>, see bpo-46748"
#endif

// Several parts of this module are broken out into files in _testcapi/.
// Include definitions from there.
#include "_testcapi/parts.h"

// Forward declarations
static struct PyModuleDef _testcapimodule;
static PyObject *TestError;     /* set to exception object in init */


/* Raise TestError with test_name + ": " + msg, and return NULL. */

static PyObject *
raiseTestError(const char* test_name, const char* msg)
{
    PyErr_Format(TestError, "%s: %s", test_name, msg);
    return NULL;
}

/* Test #defines from pyconfig.h (particularly the SIZEOF_* defines).

   The ones derived from autoconf on the UNIX-like OSes can be relied
   upon (in the absence of sloppy cross-compiling), but the Windows
   platforms have these hardcoded.  Better safe than sorry.
*/
static PyObject*
sizeof_error(const char* fatname, const char* typname,
    int expected, int got)
{
    PyErr_Format(TestError,
        "%s #define == %d but sizeof(%s) == %d",
        fatname, expected, typname, got);
    return (PyObject*)NULL;
}

static PyObject*
test_config(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
#define CHECK_SIZEOF(FATNAME, TYPE) \
            if (FATNAME != sizeof(TYPE)) \
                return sizeof_error(#FATNAME, #TYPE, FATNAME, sizeof(TYPE))

    CHECK_SIZEOF(SIZEOF_SHORT, short);
    CHECK_SIZEOF(SIZEOF_INT, int);
    CHECK_SIZEOF(SIZEOF_LONG, long);
    CHECK_SIZEOF(SIZEOF_VOID_P, void*);
    CHECK_SIZEOF(SIZEOF_TIME_T, time_t);
    CHECK_SIZEOF(SIZEOF_LONG_LONG, long long);

#undef CHECK_SIZEOF

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject*
test_sizeof_c_types(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
#if defined(__GNUC__) && ((__GNUC__ > 4) || ((__GNUC__ == 4) && (__GNUC_MINOR__ > 5)))
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wtype-limits"
#endif
#define CHECK_SIZEOF(TYPE, EXPECTED)         \
    if (EXPECTED != sizeof(TYPE))  {         \
        PyErr_Format(TestError,              \
            "sizeof(%s) = %u instead of %u", \
            #TYPE, sizeof(TYPE), EXPECTED);  \
        return (PyObject*)NULL;              \
    }
#define IS_SIGNED(TYPE) (((TYPE)-1) < (TYPE)0)
#define CHECK_SIGNNESS(TYPE, SIGNED)         \
    if (IS_SIGNED(TYPE) != SIGNED) {         \
        PyErr_Format(TestError,              \
            "%s signness is, instead of %i",  \
            #TYPE, IS_SIGNED(TYPE), SIGNED); \
        return (PyObject*)NULL;              \
    }

    /* integer types */
    CHECK_SIZEOF(Py_UCS1, 1);
    CHECK_SIZEOF(Py_UCS2, 2);
    CHECK_SIZEOF(Py_UCS4, 4);
    CHECK_SIGNNESS(Py_UCS1, 0);
    CHECK_SIGNNESS(Py_UCS2, 0);
    CHECK_SIGNNESS(Py_UCS4, 0);
    CHECK_SIZEOF(int32_t, 4);
    CHECK_SIGNNESS(int32_t, 1);
    CHECK_SIZEOF(uint32_t, 4);
    CHECK_SIGNNESS(uint32_t, 0);
    CHECK_SIZEOF(int64_t, 8);
    CHECK_SIGNNESS(int64_t, 1);
    CHECK_SIZEOF(uint64_t, 8);
    CHECK_SIGNNESS(uint64_t, 0);

    /* pointer/size types */
    CHECK_SIZEOF(size_t, sizeof(void *));
    CHECK_SIGNNESS(size_t, 0);
    CHECK_SIZEOF(Py_ssize_t, sizeof(void *));
    CHECK_SIGNNESS(Py_ssize_t, 1);

    CHECK_SIZEOF(uintptr_t, sizeof(void *));
    CHECK_SIGNNESS(uintptr_t, 0);
    CHECK_SIZEOF(intptr_t, sizeof(void *));
    CHECK_SIGNNESS(intptr_t, 1);

    Py_RETURN_NONE;

#undef IS_SIGNED
#undef CHECK_SIGNESS
#undef CHECK_SIZEOF
#if defined(__GNUC__) && ((__GNUC__ > 4) || ((__GNUC__ == 4) && (__GNUC_MINOR__ > 5)))
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif
}

static PyObject*
test_gc_control(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    int orig_enabled = PyGC_IsEnabled();
    const char* msg = "ok";
    int old_state;

    old_state = PyGC_Enable();
    msg = "Enable(1)";
    if (old_state != orig_enabled) {
        goto failed;
    }
    msg = "IsEnabled(1)";
    if (!PyGC_IsEnabled()) {
        goto failed;
    }

    old_state = PyGC_Disable();
    msg = "disable(2)";
    if (!old_state) {
        goto failed;
    }
    msg = "IsEnabled(2)";
    if (PyGC_IsEnabled()) {
        goto failed;
    }

    old_state = PyGC_Enable();
    msg = "enable(3)";
    if (old_state) {
        goto failed;
    }
    msg = "IsEnabled(3)";
    if (!PyGC_IsEnabled()) {
        goto failed;
    }

    if (!orig_enabled) {
        old_state = PyGC_Disable();
        msg = "disable(4)";
        if (old_state) {
            goto failed;
        }
        msg = "IsEnabled(4)";
        if (PyGC_IsEnabled()) {
            goto failed;
        }
    }

    Py_RETURN_NONE;

failed:
    /* Try to clean up if we can. */
    if (orig_enabled) {
        PyGC_Enable();
    } else {
        PyGC_Disable();
    }
    PyErr_Format(TestError, "GC control failed in %s", msg);
    return NULL;
}

static PyObject*
test_list_api(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    PyObject* list;
    int i;

    /* SF bug 132008:  PyList_Reverse segfaults */
#define NLIST 30
    list = PyList_New(NLIST);
    if (list == (PyObject*)NULL)
        return (PyObject*)NULL;
    /* list = range(NLIST) */
    for (i = 0; i < NLIST; ++i) {
        PyObject* anint = PyLong_FromLong(i);
        if (anint == (PyObject*)NULL) {
            Py_DECREF(list);
            return (PyObject*)NULL;
        }
        PyList_SET_ITEM(list, i, anint);
    }
    /* list.reverse(), via PyList_Reverse() */
    i = PyList_Reverse(list);   /* should not blow up! */
    if (i != 0) {
        Py_DECREF(list);
        return (PyObject*)NULL;
    }
    /* Check that list == range(29, -1, -1) now */
    for (i = 0; i < NLIST; ++i) {
        PyObject* anint = PyList_GET_ITEM(list, i);
        if (PyLong_AS_LONG(anint) != NLIST-1-i) {
            PyErr_SetString(TestError,
                            "test_list_api: reverse screwed up");
            Py_DECREF(list);
            return (PyObject*)NULL;
        }
    }
    Py_DECREF(list);
#undef NLIST

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static int
test_dict_inner(int count)
{
    Py_ssize_t pos = 0, iterations = 0;
    int i;
    PyObject *dict = PyDict_New();
    PyObject *v, *k;

    if (dict == NULL)
        return -1;

    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        v = PyLong_FromLong(i);
        if (v == NULL) {
            return -1;
        }
        if (PyDict_SetItem(dict, v, v) < 0) {
            Py_DECREF(v);
            return -1;
        }
        Py_DECREF(v);
    }

    while (PyDict_Next(dict, &pos, &k, &v)) {
        PyObject *o;
        iterations++;

        i = PyLong_AS_LONG(v) + 1;
        o = PyLong_FromLong(i);
        if (o == NULL)
            return -1;
        if (PyDict_SetItem(dict, k, o) < 0) {
            Py_DECREF(o);
            return -1;
        }
        Py_DECREF(o);
    }

    Py_DECREF(dict);

    if (iterations != count) {
        PyErr_SetString(
            TestError,
            "test_dict_iteration: dict iteration went wrong ");
        return -1;
    } else {
        return 0;
    }
}



static PyObject*
test_dict_iteration(PyObject* self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    int i;

    for (i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
        if (test_dict_inner(i) < 0) {
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject*
dict_getitem_knownhash(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *mp, *key, *result;
    Py_ssize_t hash;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OOn:dict_getitem_knownhash",
                          &mp, &key, &hash)) {
        return NULL;
    }

    result = _PyDict_GetItem_KnownHash(mp, key, (Py_hash_t)hash);
    if (result == NULL && !PyErr_Occurred()) {
        _PyErr_SetKeyError(key);
        return NULL;
    }

    return Py_XNewRef(result);
}

/* Issue #4701: Check that PyObject_Hash implicitly calls
 *   PyType_Ready if it hasn't already been called
 */
static PyTypeObject _HashInheritanceTester_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    "hashinheritancetester",            /* Name of this type */
    sizeof(PyObject),           /* Basic object size */
    0,                          /* Item size for varobject */
    (destructor)PyObject_Del, /* tp_dealloc */
    0,                          /* tp_vectorcall_offset */
    0,                          /* tp_getattr */
    0,                          /* tp_setattr */
    0,                          /* tp_as_async */
    0,                          /* tp_repr */
    0,                          /* tp_as_number */
    0,                          /* tp_as_sequence */
    0,                          /* tp_as_mapping */
    0,                          /* tp_hash */
    0,                          /* tp_call */
    0,                          /* tp_str */
    PyObject_GenericGetAttr,  /* tp_getattro */
    0,                          /* tp_setattro */
    0,                          /* tp_as_buffer */
    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,         /* tp_flags */
    0,                          /* tp_doc */
    0,                          /* tp_traverse */
    0,                          /* tp_clear */
    0,                          /* tp_richcompare */
    0,                          /* tp_weaklistoffset */
    0,                          /* tp_iter */
    0,                          /* tp_iternext */
    0,                          /* tp_methods */
    0,                          /* tp_members */
    0,                          /* tp_getset */
    0,                          /* tp_base */
    0,                          /* tp_dict */
    0,                          /* tp_descr_get */
    0,                          /* tp_descr_set */
    0,                          /* tp_dictoffset */
    0,                          /* tp_init */
    0,                          /* tp_alloc */
    PyType_GenericNew,                  /* tp_new */
};

static PyObject*
pycompilestring(PyObject* self, PyObject *obj) {
    if (PyBytes_CheckExact(obj) == 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Argument must be a bytes object");
        return NULL;
    }
    const char *the_string = PyBytes_AsString(obj);
    if (the_string == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    return Py_CompileString(the_string, "<string>", Py_file_input);
}

static PyObject*
test_lazy_hash_inheritance(PyObject* self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    PyTypeObject *type;
    PyObject *obj;
    Py_hash_t hash;

    type = &_HashInheritanceTester_Type;

    if (type->tp_dict != NULL)
        /* The type has already been initialized. This probably means
           -R is being used. */
        Py_RETURN_NONE;


    obj = PyObject_New(PyObject, type);
    if (obj == NULL) {
        PyErr_Clear();
        PyErr_SetString(
            TestError,
            "test_lazy_hash_inheritance: failed to create object");
        return NULL;
    }

    if (type->tp_dict != NULL) {
        PyErr_SetString(
            TestError,
            "test_lazy_hash_inheritance: type initialised too soon");
        Py_DECREF(obj);
        return NULL;
    }

    hash = PyObject_Hash(obj);
    if ((hash == -1) && PyErr_Occurred()) {
        PyErr_Clear();
        PyErr_SetString(
            TestError,
            "test_lazy_hash_inheritance: could not hash object");
        Py_DECREF(obj);
        return NULL;
    }

    if (type->tp_dict == NULL) {
        PyErr_SetString(
            TestError,
            "test_lazy_hash_inheritance: type not initialised by hash()");
        Py_DECREF(obj);
        return NULL;
    }

    if (type->tp_hash != PyType_Type.tp_hash) {
        PyErr_SetString(
            TestError,
            "test_lazy_hash_inheritance: unexpected hash function");
        Py_DECREF(obj);
        return NULL;
    }

    Py_DECREF(obj);

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}


/* Tests of PyLong_{As, From}{Unsigned,}Long(), and
   PyLong_{As, From}{Unsigned,}LongLong().

   Note that the meat of the test is contained in testcapi_long.h.
   This is revolting, but delicate code duplication is worse:  "almost
   exactly the same" code is needed to test long long, but the ubiquitous
   dependence on type names makes it impossible to use a parameterized
   function.  A giant macro would be even worse than this.  A C++ template
   would be perfect.

   The "report an error" functions are deliberately not part of the #include
   file:  if the test fails, you can set a breakpoint in the appropriate
   error function directly, and crawl back from there in the debugger.
*/

#define UNBIND(X)  Py_DECREF(X); (X) = NULL

static PyObject *
raise_test_long_error(const char* msg)
{
    return raiseTestError("test_long_api", msg);
}

#define TESTNAME        test_long_api_inner
#define TYPENAME        long
#define F_S_TO_PY       PyLong_FromLong
#define F_PY_TO_S       PyLong_AsLong
#define F_U_TO_PY       PyLong_FromUnsignedLong
#define F_PY_TO_U       PyLong_AsUnsignedLong

#include "testcapi_long.h"

static PyObject *
test_long_api(PyObject* self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    return TESTNAME(raise_test_long_error);
}

#undef TESTNAME
#undef TYPENAME
#undef F_S_TO_PY
#undef F_PY_TO_S
#undef F_U_TO_PY
#undef F_PY_TO_U

static PyObject *
raise_test_longlong_error(const char* msg)
{
    return raiseTestError("test_longlong_api", msg);
}

#define TESTNAME        test_longlong_api_inner
#define TYPENAME        long long
#define F_S_TO_PY       PyLong_FromLongLong
#define F_PY_TO_S       PyLong_AsLongLong
#define F_U_TO_PY       PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong
#define F_PY_TO_U       PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong

#include "testcapi_long.h"

static PyObject *
test_longlong_api(PyObject* self, PyObject *args)
{
    return TESTNAME(raise_test_longlong_error);
}

#undef TESTNAME
#undef TYPENAME
#undef F_S_TO_PY
#undef F_PY_TO_S
#undef F_U_TO_PY
#undef F_PY_TO_U

/* Test the PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow API. General conversion to PY_LONG
   is tested by test_long_api_inner. This test will concentrate on proper
   handling of overflow.
*/

static PyObject *
test_long_and_overflow(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    PyObject *num, *one, *temp;
    long value;
    int overflow;

    /* Test that overflow is set properly for a large value. */
    /* num is a number larger than LONG_MAX even on 64-bit platforms */
    num = PyLong_FromString("FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", NULL, 16);
    if (num == NULL)
        return NULL;
    overflow = 1234;
    value = PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(num, &overflow);
    Py_DECREF(num);
    if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;
    if (value != -1)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_and_overflow",
            "return value was not set to -1");
    if (overflow != 1)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_and_overflow",
            "overflow was not set to 1");

    /* Same again, with num = LONG_MAX + 1 */
    num = PyLong_FromLong(LONG_MAX);
    if (num == NULL)
        return NULL;
    one = PyLong_FromLong(1L);
    if (one == NULL) {
        Py_DECREF(num);
        return NULL;
    }
    temp = PyNumber_Add(num, one);
    Py_DECREF(one);
    Py_SETREF(num, temp);
    if (num == NULL)
        return NULL;
    overflow = 0;
    value = PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(num, &overflow);
    Py_DECREF(num);
    if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;
    if (value != -1)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_and_overflow",
            "return value was not set to -1");
    if (overflow != 1)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_and_overflow",
            "overflow was not set to 1");

    /* Test that overflow is set properly for a large negative value. */
    /* num is a number smaller than LONG_MIN even on 64-bit platforms */
    num = PyLong_FromString("-FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", NULL, 16);
    if (num == NULL)
        return NULL;
    overflow = 1234;
    value = PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(num, &overflow);
    Py_DECREF(num);
    if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;
    if (value != -1)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_and_overflow",
            "return value was not set to -1");
    if (overflow != -1)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_and_overflow",
            "overflow was not set to -1");

    /* Same again, with num = LONG_MIN - 1 */
    num = PyLong_FromLong(LONG_MIN);
    if (num == NULL)
        return NULL;
    one = PyLong_FromLong(1L);
    if (one == NULL) {
        Py_DECREF(num);
        return NULL;
    }
    temp = PyNumber_Subtract(num, one);
    Py_DECREF(one);
    Py_SETREF(num, temp);
    if (num == NULL)
        return NULL;
    overflow = 0;
    value = PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(num, &overflow);
    Py_DECREF(num);
    if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;
    if (value != -1)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_and_overflow",
            "return value was not set to -1");
    if (overflow != -1)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_and_overflow",
            "overflow was not set to -1");

    /* Test that overflow is cleared properly for small values. */
    num = PyLong_FromString("FF", NULL, 16);
    if (num == NULL)
        return NULL;
    overflow = 1234;
    value = PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(num, &overflow);
    Py_DECREF(num);
    if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;
    if (value != 0xFF)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_and_overflow",
            "expected return value 0xFF");
    if (overflow != 0)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_and_overflow",
            "overflow was not cleared");

    num = PyLong_FromString("-FF", NULL, 16);
    if (num == NULL)
        return NULL;
    overflow = 0;
    value = PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(num, &overflow);
    Py_DECREF(num);
    if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;
    if (value != -0xFF)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_and_overflow",
            "expected return value 0xFF");
    if (overflow != 0)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_and_overflow",
            "overflow was set incorrectly");

    num = PyLong_FromLong(LONG_MAX);
    if (num == NULL)
        return NULL;
    overflow = 1234;
    value = PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(num, &overflow);
    Py_DECREF(num);
    if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;
    if (value != LONG_MAX)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_and_overflow",
            "expected return value LONG_MAX");
    if (overflow != 0)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_and_overflow",
            "overflow was not cleared");

    num = PyLong_FromLong(LONG_MIN);
    if (num == NULL)
        return NULL;
    overflow = 0;
    value = PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(num, &overflow);
    Py_DECREF(num);
    if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;
    if (value != LONG_MIN)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_and_overflow",
            "expected return value LONG_MIN");
    if (overflow != 0)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_and_overflow",
            "overflow was not cleared");

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

/* Test the PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow API. General conversion to
   long long is tested by test_long_api_inner. This test will
   concentrate on proper handling of overflow.
*/

static PyObject *
test_long_long_and_overflow(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    PyObject *num, *one, *temp;
    long long value;
    int overflow;

    /* Test that overflow is set properly for a large value. */
    /* num is a number larger than LLONG_MAX on a typical machine. */
    num = PyLong_FromString("FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", NULL, 16);
    if (num == NULL)
        return NULL;
    overflow = 1234;
    value = PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow(num, &overflow);
    Py_DECREF(num);
    if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;
    if (value != -1)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_long_and_overflow",
            "return value was not set to -1");
    if (overflow != 1)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_long_and_overflow",
            "overflow was not set to 1");

    /* Same again, with num = LLONG_MAX + 1 */
    num = PyLong_FromLongLong(LLONG_MAX);
    if (num == NULL)
        return NULL;
    one = PyLong_FromLong(1L);
    if (one == NULL) {
        Py_DECREF(num);
        return NULL;
    }
    temp = PyNumber_Add(num, one);
    Py_DECREF(one);
    Py_SETREF(num, temp);
    if (num == NULL)
        return NULL;
    overflow = 0;
    value = PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow(num, &overflow);
    Py_DECREF(num);
    if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;
    if (value != -1)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_long_and_overflow",
            "return value was not set to -1");
    if (overflow != 1)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_long_and_overflow",
            "overflow was not set to 1");

    /* Test that overflow is set properly for a large negative value. */
    /* num is a number smaller than LLONG_MIN on a typical platform */
    num = PyLong_FromString("-FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", NULL, 16);
    if (num == NULL)
        return NULL;
    overflow = 1234;
    value = PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow(num, &overflow);
    Py_DECREF(num);
    if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;
    if (value != -1)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_long_and_overflow",
            "return value was not set to -1");
    if (overflow != -1)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_long_and_overflow",
            "overflow was not set to -1");

    /* Same again, with num = LLONG_MIN - 1 */
    num = PyLong_FromLongLong(LLONG_MIN);
    if (num == NULL)
        return NULL;
    one = PyLong_FromLong(1L);
    if (one == NULL) {
        Py_DECREF(num);
        return NULL;
    }
    temp = PyNumber_Subtract(num, one);
    Py_DECREF(one);
    Py_SETREF(num, temp);
    if (num == NULL)
        return NULL;
    overflow = 0;
    value = PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow(num, &overflow);
    Py_DECREF(num);
    if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;
    if (value != -1)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_long_and_overflow",
            "return value was not set to -1");
    if (overflow != -1)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_long_and_overflow",
            "overflow was not set to -1");

    /* Test that overflow is cleared properly for small values. */
    num = PyLong_FromString("FF", NULL, 16);
    if (num == NULL)
        return NULL;
    overflow = 1234;
    value = PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow(num, &overflow);
    Py_DECREF(num);
    if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;
    if (value != 0xFF)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_long_and_overflow",
            "expected return value 0xFF");
    if (overflow != 0)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_long_and_overflow",
            "overflow was not cleared");

    num = PyLong_FromString("-FF", NULL, 16);
    if (num == NULL)
        return NULL;
    overflow = 0;
    value = PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow(num, &overflow);
    Py_DECREF(num);
    if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;
    if (value != -0xFF)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_long_and_overflow",
            "expected return value 0xFF");
    if (overflow != 0)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_long_and_overflow",
            "overflow was set incorrectly");

    num = PyLong_FromLongLong(LLONG_MAX);
    if (num == NULL)
        return NULL;
    overflow = 1234;
    value = PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow(num, &overflow);
    Py_DECREF(num);
    if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;
    if (value != LLONG_MAX)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_long_and_overflow",
            "expected return value LLONG_MAX");
    if (overflow != 0)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_long_and_overflow",
            "overflow was not cleared");

    num = PyLong_FromLongLong(LLONG_MIN);
    if (num == NULL)
        return NULL;
    overflow = 0;
    value = PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow(num, &overflow);
    Py_DECREF(num);
    if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;
    if (value != LLONG_MIN)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_long_and_overflow",
            "expected return value LLONG_MIN");
    if (overflow != 0)
        return raiseTestError("test_long_long_and_overflow",
            "overflow was not cleared");

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

/* Test the PyLong_As{Size,Ssize}_t API. At present this just tests that
   non-integer arguments are handled correctly. It should be extended to
   test overflow handling.
 */

static PyObject *
test_long_as_size_t(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    size_t out_u;
    Py_ssize_t out_s;

    Py_INCREF(Py_None);

    out_u = PyLong_AsSize_t(Py_None);
    if (out_u != (size_t)-1 || !PyErr_Occurred())
        return raiseTestError("test_long_as_size_t",
                              "PyLong_AsSize_t(None) didn't complain");
    if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_TypeError))
        return raiseTestError("test_long_as_size_t",
                              "PyLong_AsSize_t(None) raised "
                              "something other than TypeError");
    PyErr_Clear();

    out_s = PyLong_AsSsize_t(Py_None);
    if (out_s != (Py_ssize_t)-1 || !PyErr_Occurred())
        return raiseTestError("test_long_as_size_t",
                              "PyLong_AsSsize_t(None) didn't complain");
    if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_TypeError))
        return raiseTestError("test_long_as_size_t",
                              "PyLong_AsSsize_t(None) raised "
                              "something other than TypeError");
    PyErr_Clear();

    /* Py_INCREF(Py_None) omitted - we already have a reference to it. */
    return Py_None;
}

static PyObject *
test_long_as_unsigned_long_long_mask(PyObject *self,
                                     PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    unsigned long long res = PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(NULL);

    if (res != (unsigned long long)-1 || !PyErr_Occurred()) {
        return raiseTestError("test_long_as_unsigned_long_long_mask",
                              "PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(NULL) didn't "
                              "complain");
    }
    if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_SystemError)) {
        return raiseTestError("test_long_as_unsigned_long_long_mask",
                              "PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(NULL) raised "
                              "something other than SystemError");
    }
    PyErr_Clear();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

/* Test the PyLong_AsDouble API. At present this just tests that
   non-integer arguments are handled correctly.
 */

static PyObject *
test_long_as_double(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    double out;

    Py_INCREF(Py_None);

    out = PyLong_AsDouble(Py_None);
    if (out != -1.0 || !PyErr_Occurred())
        return raiseTestError("test_long_as_double",
                              "PyLong_AsDouble(None) didn't complain");
    if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_TypeError))
        return raiseTestError("test_long_as_double",
                              "PyLong_AsDouble(None) raised "
                              "something other than TypeError");
    PyErr_Clear();

    /* Py_INCREF(Py_None) omitted - we already have a reference to it. */
    return Py_None;
}


static PyObject *
return_none(void *unused)
{
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
raise_error(void *unused)
{
    PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_ValueError);
    return NULL;
}

static int
test_buildvalue_N_error(const char *fmt)
{
    PyObject *arg, *res;

    arg = PyList_New(0);
    if (arg == NULL) {
        return -1;
    }

    Py_INCREF(arg);
    res = Py_BuildValue(fmt, return_none, NULL, arg);
    if (res == NULL) {
        return -1;
    }
    Py_DECREF(res);
    if (Py_REFCNT(arg) != 1) {
        PyErr_Format(TestError, "test_buildvalue_N: "
                     "arg was not decrefed in successful "
                     "Py_BuildValue(\"%s\")", fmt);
        return -1;
    }

    Py_INCREF(arg);
    res = Py_BuildValue(fmt, raise_error, NULL, arg);
    if (res != NULL || !PyErr_Occurred()) {
        PyErr_Format(TestError, "test_buildvalue_N: "
                     "Py_BuildValue(\"%s\") didn't complain", fmt);
        return -1;
    }
    PyErr_Clear();
    if (Py_REFCNT(arg) != 1) {
        PyErr_Format(TestError, "test_buildvalue_N: "
                     "arg was not decrefed in failed "
                     "Py_BuildValue(\"%s\")", fmt);
        return -1;
    }
    Py_DECREF(arg);
    return 0;
}

static PyObject *
test_buildvalue_N(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    PyObject *arg, *res;

    arg = PyList_New(0);
    if (arg == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_INCREF(arg);
    res = Py_BuildValue("N", arg);
    if (res == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (res != arg) {
        return raiseTestError("test_buildvalue_N",
                              "Py_BuildValue(\"N\") returned wrong result");
    }
    if (Py_REFCNT(arg) != 2) {
        return raiseTestError("test_buildvalue_N",
                              "arg was not decrefed in Py_BuildValue(\"N\")");
    }
    Py_DECREF(res);
    Py_DECREF(arg);

    if (test_buildvalue_N_error("O&N") < 0)
        return NULL;
    if (test_buildvalue_N_error("(O&N)") < 0)
        return NULL;
    if (test_buildvalue_N_error("[O&N]") < 0)
        return NULL;
    if (test_buildvalue_N_error("{O&N}") < 0)
        return NULL;
    if (test_buildvalue_N_error("{()O&(())N}") < 0)
        return NULL;

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}


static PyObject *
test_get_statictype_slots(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    newfunc tp_new = PyType_GetSlot(&PyLong_Type, Py_tp_new);
    if (PyLong_Type.tp_new != tp_new) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AssertionError, "mismatch: tp_new of long");
        return NULL;
    }

    reprfunc tp_repr = PyType_GetSlot(&PyLong_Type, Py_tp_repr);
    if (PyLong_Type.tp_repr != tp_repr) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AssertionError, "mismatch: tp_repr of long");
        return NULL;
    }

    ternaryfunc tp_call = PyType_GetSlot(&PyLong_Type, Py_tp_call);
    if (tp_call != NULL) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AssertionError, "mismatch: tp_call of long");
        return NULL;
    }

    binaryfunc nb_add = PyType_GetSlot(&PyLong_Type, Py_nb_add);
    if (PyLong_Type.tp_as_number->nb_add != nb_add) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AssertionError, "mismatch: nb_add of long");
        return NULL;
    }

    lenfunc mp_length = PyType_GetSlot(&PyLong_Type, Py_mp_length);
    if (mp_length != NULL) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AssertionError, "mismatch: mp_length of long");
        return NULL;
    }

    void *over_value = PyType_GetSlot(&PyLong_Type, Py_bf_releasebuffer + 1);
    if (over_value != NULL) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AssertionError, "mismatch: max+1 of long");
        return NULL;
    }

    tp_new = PyType_GetSlot(&PyLong_Type, 0);
    if (tp_new != NULL) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AssertionError, "mismatch: slot 0 of long");
        return NULL;
    }
    if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_SystemError)) {
        // This is the right exception
        PyErr_Clear();
    }
    else {
        return NULL;
    }

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}


static PyType_Slot HeapTypeNameType_slots[] = {
    {0},
};

static PyType_Spec HeapTypeNameType_Spec = {
    .name = "_testcapi.HeapTypeNameType",
    .basicsize = sizeof(PyObject),
    .flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,
    .slots = HeapTypeNameType_slots,
};

static PyObject *
test_get_type_name(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    PyObject *tp_name = PyType_GetName(&PyLong_Type);
    assert(strcmp(PyUnicode_AsUTF8(tp_name), "int") == 0);
    Py_DECREF(tp_name);

    tp_name = PyType_GetName(&PyModule_Type);
    assert(strcmp(PyUnicode_AsUTF8(tp_name), "module") == 0);
    Py_DECREF(tp_name);

    PyObject *HeapTypeNameType = PyType_FromSpec(&HeapTypeNameType_Spec);
    if (HeapTypeNameType == NULL) {
        Py_RETURN_NONE;
    }
    tp_name = PyType_GetName((PyTypeObject *)HeapTypeNameType);
    assert(strcmp(PyUnicode_AsUTF8(tp_name), "HeapTypeNameType") == 0);
    Py_DECREF(tp_name);

    PyObject *name = PyUnicode_FromString("test_name");
    if (name == NULL) {
        goto done;
    }
    if (PyObject_SetAttrString(HeapTypeNameType, "__name__", name) < 0) {
        Py_DECREF(name);
        goto done;
    }
    tp_name = PyType_GetName((PyTypeObject *)HeapTypeNameType);
    assert(strcmp(PyUnicode_AsUTF8(tp_name), "test_name") == 0);
    Py_DECREF(name);
    Py_DECREF(tp_name);

  done:
    Py_DECREF(HeapTypeNameType);
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}


static PyObject *
test_get_type_qualname(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    PyObject *tp_qualname = PyType_GetQualName(&PyLong_Type);
    assert(strcmp(PyUnicode_AsUTF8(tp_qualname), "int") == 0);
    Py_DECREF(tp_qualname);

    tp_qualname = PyType_GetQualName(&PyODict_Type);
    assert(strcmp(PyUnicode_AsUTF8(tp_qualname), "OrderedDict") == 0);
    Py_DECREF(tp_qualname);

    PyObject *HeapTypeNameType = PyType_FromSpec(&HeapTypeNameType_Spec);
    if (HeapTypeNameType == NULL) {
        Py_RETURN_NONE;
    }
    tp_qualname = PyType_GetQualName((PyTypeObject *)HeapTypeNameType);
    assert(strcmp(PyUnicode_AsUTF8(tp_qualname), "HeapTypeNameType") == 0);
    Py_DECREF(tp_qualname);

    PyObject *spec_name = PyUnicode_FromString(HeapTypeNameType_Spec.name);
    if (spec_name == NULL) {
        goto done;
    }
    if (PyObject_SetAttrString(HeapTypeNameType,
                               "__qualname__", spec_name) < 0) {
        Py_DECREF(spec_name);
        goto done;
    }
    tp_qualname = PyType_GetQualName((PyTypeObject *)HeapTypeNameType);
    assert(strcmp(PyUnicode_AsUTF8(tp_qualname),
                  "_testcapi.HeapTypeNameType") == 0);
    Py_DECREF(spec_name);
    Py_DECREF(tp_qualname);

  done:
    Py_DECREF(HeapTypeNameType);
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

/* Simple test of _PyLong_NumBits and _PyLong_Sign. */
static PyObject *
test_long_numbits(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    struct triple {
        long input;
        size_t nbits;
        int sign;
    } testcases[] = {{0, 0, 0},
                     {1L, 1, 1},
                     {-1L, 1, -1},
                     {2L, 2, 1},
                     {-2L, 2, -1},
                     {3L, 2, 1},
                     {-3L, 2, -1},
                     {4L, 3, 1},
                     {-4L, 3, -1},
                     {0x7fffL, 15, 1},          /* one Python int digit */
             {-0x7fffL, 15, -1},
             {0xffffL, 16, 1},
             {-0xffffL, 16, -1},
             {0xfffffffL, 28, 1},
             {-0xfffffffL, 28, -1}};
    size_t i;

    for (i = 0; i < Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(testcases); ++i) {
        size_t nbits;
        int sign;
        PyObject *plong;

        plong = PyLong_FromLong(testcases[i].input);
        if (plong == NULL)
            return NULL;
        nbits = _PyLong_NumBits(plong);
        sign = _PyLong_Sign(plong);

        Py_DECREF(plong);
        if (nbits != testcases[i].nbits)
            return raiseTestError("test_long_numbits",
                            "wrong result for _PyLong_NumBits");
        if (sign != testcases[i].sign)
            return raiseTestError("test_long_numbits",
                            "wrong result for _PyLong_Sign");
    }
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
pyobject_repr_from_null(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    return PyObject_Repr(NULL);
}

static PyObject *
pyobject_str_from_null(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    return PyObject_Str(NULL);
}

static PyObject *
pyobject_bytes_from_null(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    return PyObject_Bytes(NULL);
}

static PyObject *
raise_exception(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *exc;
    PyObject *exc_args, *v;
    int num_args, i;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "Oi:raise_exception",
                          &exc, &num_args))
        return NULL;

    exc_args = PyTuple_New(num_args);
    if (exc_args == NULL)
        return NULL;
    for (i = 0; i < num_args; ++i) {
        v = PyLong_FromLong(i);
        if (v == NULL) {
            Py_DECREF(exc_args);
            return NULL;
        }
        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(exc_args, i, v);
    }
    PyErr_SetObject(exc, exc_args);
    Py_DECREF(exc_args);
    return NULL;
}

static PyObject *
set_errno(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int new_errno;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:set_errno", &new_errno))
        return NULL;

    errno = new_errno;
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
test_set_exception(PyObject *self, PyObject *new_exc)
{
    PyObject *exc = PyErr_GetHandledException();
    assert(PyExceptionInstance_Check(exc) || exc == NULL);

    PyErr_SetHandledException(new_exc);
    return exc;
}

static PyObject *
test_set_exc_info(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *orig_exc;
    PyObject *new_type, *new_value, *new_tb;
    PyObject *type, *value, *tb;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OOO:test_set_exc_info",
                          &new_type, &new_value, &new_tb))
        return NULL;

    PyErr_GetExcInfo(&type, &value, &tb);

    Py_INCREF(new_type);
    Py_INCREF(new_value);
    Py_INCREF(new_tb);
    PyErr_SetExcInfo(new_type, new_value, new_tb);

    orig_exc = PyTuple_Pack(3, type ? type : Py_None, value ? value : Py_None, tb ? tb : Py_None);
    Py_XDECREF(type);
    Py_XDECREF(value);
    Py_XDECREF(tb);
    return orig_exc;
}

/* test_thread_state spawns a thread of its own, and that thread releases
 * `thread_done` when it's finished.  The driver code has to know when the
 * thread finishes, because the thread uses a PyObject (the callable) that
 * may go away when the driver finishes.  The former lack of this explicit
 * synchronization caused rare segfaults, so rare that they were seen only
 * on a Mac buildbot (although they were possible on any box).
 */
static PyThread_type_lock thread_done = NULL;

static int
_make_call(void *callable)
{
    PyObject *rc;
    int success;
    PyGILState_STATE s = PyGILState_Ensure();
    rc = PyObject_CallNoArgs((PyObject *)callable);
    success = (rc != NULL);
    Py_XDECREF(rc);
    PyGILState_Release(s);
    return success;
}

/* Same thing, but releases `thread_done` when it returns.  This variant
 * should be called only from threads spawned by test_thread_state().
 */
static void
_make_call_from_thread(void *callable)
{
    _make_call(callable);
    PyThread_release_lock(thread_done);
}

static PyObject *
test_thread_state(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *fn;
    int success = 1;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O:test_thread_state", &fn))
        return NULL;

    if (!PyCallable_Check(fn)) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "'%s' object is not callable",
            Py_TYPE(fn)->tp_name);
        return NULL;
    }

    thread_done = PyThread_allocate_lock();
    if (thread_done == NULL)
        return PyErr_NoMemory();
    PyThread_acquire_lock(thread_done, 1);

    /* Start a new thread with our callback. */
    PyThread_start_new_thread(_make_call_from_thread, fn);
    /* Make the callback with the thread lock held by this thread */
    success &= _make_call(fn);
    /* Do it all again, but this time with the thread-lock released */
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    success &= _make_call(fn);
    PyThread_acquire_lock(thread_done, 1);  /* wait for thread to finish */
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    /* And once more with and without a thread
       XXX - should use a lock and work out exactly what we are trying
       to test <wink>
    */
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    PyThread_start_new_thread(_make_call_from_thread, fn);
    success &= _make_call(fn);
    PyThread_acquire_lock(thread_done, 1);  /* wait for thread to finish */
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    /* Release lock we acquired above.  This is required on HP-UX. */
    PyThread_release_lock(thread_done);

    PyThread_free_lock(thread_done);
    if (!success)
        return NULL;
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

/* test Py_AddPendingCalls using threads */
static int _pending_callback(void *arg)
{
    /* we assume the argument is callable object to which we own a reference */
    PyObject *callable = (PyObject *)arg;
    PyObject *r = PyObject_CallNoArgs(callable);
    Py_DECREF(callable);
    Py_XDECREF(r);
    return r != NULL ? 0 : -1;
}

/* The following requests n callbacks to _pending_callback.  It can be
 * run from any python thread.
 */
static PyObject *
pending_threadfunc(PyObject *self, PyObject *arg)
{
    PyObject *callable;
    int r;
    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(arg, "O", &callable) == 0)
        return NULL;

    /* create the reference for the callbackwhile we hold the lock */
    Py_INCREF(callable);

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    r = Py_AddPendingCall(&_pending_callback, callable);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    if (r<0) {
        Py_DECREF(callable); /* unsuccessful add, destroy the extra reference */
        Py_RETURN_FALSE;
    }
    Py_RETURN_TRUE;
}

/* Test PyOS_string_to_double. */
static PyObject *
test_string_to_double(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored)) {
    double result;
    const char *msg;

#define CHECK_STRING(STR, expected)                             \
    result = PyOS_string_to_double(STR, NULL, NULL);            \
    if (result == -1.0 && PyErr_Occurred())                     \
        return NULL;                                            \
    if (result != (double)expected) {                           \
        msg = "conversion of " STR " to float failed";          \
        goto fail;                                              \
    }

#define CHECK_INVALID(STR)                                              \
    result = PyOS_string_to_double(STR, NULL, NULL);                    \
    if (result == -1.0 && PyErr_Occurred()) {                           \
        if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_ValueError))                   \
            PyErr_Clear();                                              \
        else                                                            \
            return NULL;                                                \
    }                                                                   \
    else {                                                              \
        msg = "conversion of " STR " didn't raise ValueError";          \
        goto fail;                                                      \
    }

    CHECK_STRING("0.1", 0.1);
    CHECK_STRING("1.234", 1.234);
    CHECK_STRING("-1.35", -1.35);
    CHECK_STRING(".1e01", 1.0);
    CHECK_STRING("2.e-2", 0.02);

    CHECK_INVALID(" 0.1");
    CHECK_INVALID("\t\n-3");
    CHECK_INVALID(".123 ");
    CHECK_INVALID("3\n");
    CHECK_INVALID("123abc");

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
  fail:
    return raiseTestError("test_string_to_double", msg);
#undef CHECK_STRING
#undef CHECK_INVALID
}


/* Coverage testing of capsule objects. */

static const char *capsule_name = "capsule name";
static       char *capsule_pointer = "capsule pointer";
static       char *capsule_context = "capsule context";
static const char *capsule_error = NULL;
static int
capsule_destructor_call_count = 0;

static void
capsule_destructor(PyObject *o) {
    capsule_destructor_call_count++;
    if (PyCapsule_GetContext(o) != capsule_context) {
        capsule_error = "context did not match in destructor!";
    } else if (PyCapsule_GetDestructor(o) != capsule_destructor) {
        capsule_error = "destructor did not match in destructor!  (woah!)";
    } else if (PyCapsule_GetName(o) != capsule_name) {
        capsule_error = "name did not match in destructor!";
    } else if (PyCapsule_GetPointer(o, capsule_name) != capsule_pointer) {
        capsule_error = "pointer did not match in destructor!";
    }
}

typedef struct {
    char *name;
    char *module;
    char *attribute;
} known_capsule;

static PyObject *
test_capsule(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    PyObject *object;
    const char *error = NULL;
    void *pointer;
    void *pointer2;
    known_capsule known_capsules[] = {
        #define KNOWN_CAPSULE(module, name)             { module "." name, module, name }
        KNOWN_CAPSULE("_socket", "CAPI"),
        KNOWN_CAPSULE("_curses", "_C_API"),
        KNOWN_CAPSULE("datetime", "datetime_CAPI"),
        { NULL, NULL },
    };
    known_capsule *known = &known_capsules[0];

#define FAIL(x) { error = (x); goto exit; }

#define CHECK_DESTRUCTOR \
    if (capsule_error) { \
        FAIL(capsule_error); \
    } \
    else if (!capsule_destructor_call_count) {          \
        FAIL("destructor not called!"); \
    } \
    capsule_destructor_call_count = 0; \

    object = PyCapsule_New(capsule_pointer, capsule_name, capsule_destructor);
    PyCapsule_SetContext(object, capsule_context);
    capsule_destructor(object);
    CHECK_DESTRUCTOR;
    Py_DECREF(object);
    CHECK_DESTRUCTOR;

    object = PyCapsule_New(known, "ignored", NULL);
    PyCapsule_SetPointer(object, capsule_pointer);
    PyCapsule_SetName(object, capsule_name);
    PyCapsule_SetDestructor(object, capsule_destructor);
    PyCapsule_SetContext(object, capsule_context);
    capsule_destructor(object);
    CHECK_DESTRUCTOR;
    /* intentionally access using the wrong name */
    pointer2 = PyCapsule_GetPointer(object, "the wrong name");
    if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
        FAIL("PyCapsule_GetPointer should have failed but did not!");
    }
    PyErr_Clear();
    if (pointer2) {
        if (pointer2 == capsule_pointer) {
            FAIL("PyCapsule_GetPointer should not have"
                     " returned the internal pointer!");
        } else {
            FAIL("PyCapsule_GetPointer should have "
                     "returned NULL pointer but did not!");
        }
    }
    PyCapsule_SetDestructor(object, NULL);
    Py_DECREF(object);
    if (capsule_destructor_call_count) {
        FAIL("destructor called when it should not have been!");
    }

    for (known = &known_capsules[0]; known->module != NULL; known++) {
        /* yeah, ordinarily I wouldn't do this either,
           but it's fine for this test harness.
        */
        static char buffer[256];
#undef FAIL
#define FAIL(x) \
        { \
        sprintf(buffer, "%s module: \"%s\" attribute: \"%s\"", \
            x, known->module, known->attribute); \
        error = buffer; \
        goto exit; \
        } \

        PyObject *module = PyImport_ImportModule(known->module);
        if (module) {
            pointer = PyCapsule_Import(known->name, 0);
            if (!pointer) {
                Py_DECREF(module);
                FAIL("PyCapsule_GetPointer returned NULL unexpectedly!");
            }
            object = PyObject_GetAttrString(module, known->attribute);
            if (!object) {
                Py_DECREF(module);
                return NULL;
            }
            pointer2 = PyCapsule_GetPointer(object,
                                    "weebles wobble but they don't fall down");
            if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
                Py_DECREF(object);
                Py_DECREF(module);
                FAIL("PyCapsule_GetPointer should have failed but did not!");
            }
            PyErr_Clear();
            if (pointer2) {
                Py_DECREF(module);
                Py_DECREF(object);
                if (pointer2 == pointer) {
                    FAIL("PyCapsule_GetPointer should not have"
                             " returned its internal pointer!");
                } else {
                    FAIL("PyCapsule_GetPointer should have"
                             " returned NULL pointer but did not!");
                }
            }
            Py_DECREF(object);
            Py_DECREF(module);
        }
        else
            PyErr_Clear();
    }

  exit:
    if (error) {
        return raiseTestError("test_capsule", error);
    }
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
#undef FAIL
}

#ifdef HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY
/* Profiling of integer performance */
static void print_delta(int test, struct timeval *s, struct timeval *e)
{
    e->tv_sec -= s->tv_sec;
    e->tv_usec -= s->tv_usec;
    if (e->tv_usec < 0) {
        e->tv_sec -=1;
        e->tv_usec += 1000000;
    }
    printf("Test %d: %d.%06ds\n", test, (int)e->tv_sec, (int)e->tv_usec);
}

static PyObject *
profile_int(PyObject *self, PyObject* args)
{
    int i, k;
    struct timeval start, stop;
    PyObject *single, **multiple, *op1, *result;

    /* Test 1: Allocate and immediately deallocate
       many small integers */
    gettimeofday(&start, NULL);
    for(k=0; k < 20000; k++)
        for(i=0; i < 1000; i++) {
            single = PyLong_FromLong(i);
            Py_DECREF(single);
        }
    gettimeofday(&stop, NULL);
    print_delta(1, &start, &stop);

    /* Test 2: Allocate and immediately deallocate
       many large integers */
    gettimeofday(&start, NULL);
    for(k=0; k < 20000; k++)
        for(i=0; i < 1000; i++) {
            single = PyLong_FromLong(i+1000000);
            Py_DECREF(single);
        }
    gettimeofday(&stop, NULL);
    print_delta(2, &start, &stop);

    /* Test 3: Allocate a few integers, then release
       them all simultaneously. */
    multiple = malloc(sizeof(PyObject*) * 1000);
    if (multiple == NULL)
        return PyErr_NoMemory();
    gettimeofday(&start, NULL);
    for(k=0; k < 20000; k++) {
        for(i=0; i < 1000; i++) {
            multiple[i] = PyLong_FromLong(i+1000000);
        }
        for(i=0; i < 1000; i++) {
            Py_DECREF(multiple[i]);
        }
    }
    gettimeofday(&stop, NULL);
    print_delta(3, &start, &stop);
    free(multiple);

    /* Test 4: Allocate many integers, then release
       them all simultaneously. */
    multiple = malloc(sizeof(PyObject*) * 1000000);
    if (multiple == NULL)
        return PyErr_NoMemory();
    gettimeofday(&start, NULL);
    for(k=0; k < 20; k++) {
        for(i=0; i < 1000000; i++) {
            multiple[i] = PyLong_FromLong(i+1000000);
        }
        for(i=0; i < 1000000; i++) {
            Py_DECREF(multiple[i]);
        }
    }
    gettimeofday(&stop, NULL);
    print_delta(4, &start, &stop);
    free(multiple);

    /* Test 5: Allocate many integers < 32000 */
    multiple = malloc(sizeof(PyObject*) * 1000000);
    if (multiple == NULL)
        return PyErr_NoMemory();
    gettimeofday(&start, NULL);
    for(k=0; k < 10; k++) {
        for(i=0; i < 1000000; i++) {
            multiple[i] = PyLong_FromLong(i+1000);
        }
        for(i=0; i < 1000000; i++) {
            Py_DECREF(multiple[i]);
        }
    }
    gettimeofday(&stop, NULL);
    print_delta(5, &start, &stop);
    free(multiple);

    /* Test 6: Perform small int addition */
    op1 = PyLong_FromLong(1);
    gettimeofday(&start, NULL);
    for(i=0; i < 10000000; i++) {
        result = PyNumber_Add(op1, op1);
        Py_DECREF(result);
    }
    gettimeofday(&stop, NULL);
    Py_DECREF(op1);
    print_delta(6, &start, &stop);

    /* Test 7: Perform medium int addition */
    op1 = PyLong_FromLong(1000);
    if (op1 == NULL)
        return NULL;
    gettimeofday(&start, NULL);
    for(i=0; i < 10000000; i++) {
        result = PyNumber_Add(op1, op1);
        Py_XDECREF(result);
    }
    gettimeofday(&stop, NULL);
    Py_DECREF(op1);
    print_delta(7, &start, &stop);

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif

/* To test the format of tracebacks as printed out. */
static PyObject *
traceback_print(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *file;
    PyObject *traceback;
    int result;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OO:traceback_print",
                            &traceback, &file))
        return NULL;

    result = PyTraceBack_Print(traceback, file);
    if (result < 0)
        return NULL;
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

/* To test the format of exceptions as printed out. */
static PyObject *
exception_print(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *value;
    PyObject *tb = NULL;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O:exception_print",
                            &value)) {
        return NULL;
    }

    if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(value)) {
        tb = PyException_GetTraceback(value);
    }

    PyErr_Display((PyObject *) Py_TYPE(value), value, tb);
    Py_XDECREF(tb);

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}




/* reliably raise a MemoryError */
static PyObject *
raise_memoryerror(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    PyErr_NoMemory();
    return NULL;
}

/* Issue 6012 */
static PyObject *str1, *str2;
static int
failing_converter(PyObject *obj, void *arg)
{
    /* Clone str1, then let the conversion fail. */
    assert(str1);
    str2 = Py_NewRef(str1);
    return 0;
}
static PyObject*
argparsing(PyObject *o, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *res;
    str1 = str2 = NULL;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&O&",
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &str1,
                          failing_converter, &str2)) {
        if (!str2)
            /* argument converter not called? */
            return NULL;
        /* Should be 1 */
        res = PyLong_FromSsize_t(Py_REFCNT(str2));
        Py_DECREF(str2);
        PyErr_Clear();
        return res;
    }
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

/* To test that the result of PyCode_NewEmpty has the right members. */
static PyObject *
code_newempty(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    const char *filename;
    const char *funcname;
    int firstlineno;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "ssi:code_newempty",
                          &filename, &funcname, &firstlineno))
        return NULL;

    return (PyObject *)PyCode_NewEmpty(filename, funcname, firstlineno);
}

/* Test PyErr_NewExceptionWithDoc (also exercise PyErr_NewException).
   Run via Lib/test/test_exceptions.py */
static PyObject *
make_exception_with_doc(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
{
    const char *name;
    const char *doc = NULL;
    PyObject *base = NULL;
    PyObject *dict = NULL;

    static char *kwlist[] = {"name", "doc", "base", "dict", NULL};

    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs,
                    "s|sOO:make_exception_with_doc", kwlist,
                                     &name, &doc, &base, &dict))
        return NULL;

    return PyErr_NewExceptionWithDoc(name, doc, base, dict);
}

static PyObject *
make_memoryview_from_NULL_pointer(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    Py_buffer info;
    if (PyBuffer_FillInfo(&info, NULL, NULL, 1, 1, PyBUF_FULL_RO) < 0)
        return NULL;
    return PyMemoryView_FromBuffer(&info);
}

static PyObject *
test_from_contiguous(PyObject* self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    int data[9] = {-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1};
    int init[5] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4};
    Py_ssize_t itemsize = sizeof(int);
    Py_ssize_t shape = 5;
    Py_ssize_t strides = 2 * itemsize;
    Py_buffer view = {
        data,
        NULL,
        5 * itemsize,
        itemsize,
        1,
        1,
        NULL,
        &shape,
        &strides,
        NULL,
        NULL
    };
    int *ptr;
    int i;

    PyBuffer_FromContiguous(&view, init, view.len, 'C');
    ptr = view.buf;
    for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
        if (ptr[2*i] != i) {
            PyErr_SetString(TestError,
                "test_from_contiguous: incorrect result");
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    view.buf = &data[8];
    view.strides[0] = -2 * itemsize;

    PyBuffer_FromContiguous(&view, init, view.len, 'C');
    ptr = view.buf;
    for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
        if (*(ptr-2*i) != i) {
            PyErr_SetString(TestError,
                "test_from_contiguous: incorrect result");
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

#if (defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)) && defined(__GNUC__)
extern PyTypeObject _PyBytesIOBuffer_Type;

static PyObject *
test_pep3118_obsolete_write_locks(PyObject* self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    PyTypeObject *type = &_PyBytesIOBuffer_Type;
    PyObject *b;
    char *dummy[1];
    int ret, match;

    /* PyBuffer_FillInfo() */
    ret = PyBuffer_FillInfo(NULL, NULL, dummy, 1, 0, PyBUF_SIMPLE);
    match = PyErr_Occurred() && PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_BufferError);
    PyErr_Clear();
    if (ret != -1 || match == 0)
        goto error;

    /* bytesiobuf_getbuffer() */
    b = type->tp_alloc(type, 0);
    if (b == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }

    ret = PyObject_GetBuffer(b, NULL, PyBUF_SIMPLE);
    Py_DECREF(b);
    match = PyErr_Occurred() && PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_BufferError);
    PyErr_Clear();
    if (ret != -1 || match == 0)
        goto error;

    Py_RETURN_NONE;

error:
    PyErr_SetString(TestError,
        "test_pep3118_obsolete_write_locks: failure");
    return NULL;
}
#endif

/* This tests functions that historically supported write locks.  It is
   wrong to call getbuffer() with view==NULL and a compliant getbufferproc
   is entitled to segfault in that case. */
static PyObject *
getbuffer_with_null_view(PyObject* self, PyObject *obj)
{
    if (PyObject_GetBuffer(obj, NULL, PyBUF_SIMPLE) < 0)
        return NULL;

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

/* PyBuffer_SizeFromFormat() */
static PyObject *
test_PyBuffer_SizeFromFormat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    const char *format;
    Py_ssize_t result;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s:test_PyBuffer_SizeFromFormat",
                          &format)) {
        return NULL;
    }

    result = PyBuffer_SizeFromFormat(format);
    if (result == -1) {
        return NULL;
    }

    return PyLong_FromSsize_t(result);
}

/* Test that the fatal error from not having a current thread doesn't
   cause an infinite loop.  Run via Lib/test/test_capi.py */
static PyObject *
crash_no_current_thread(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    /* Using PyThreadState_Get() directly allows the test to pass in
       !pydebug mode. However, the test only actually tests anything
       in pydebug mode, since that's where the infinite loop was in
       the first place. */
    PyThreadState_Get();
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    return NULL;
}

/* To run some code in a sub-interpreter. */
static PyObject *
run_in_subinterp(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    const char *code;
    int r;
    PyThreadState *substate, *mainstate;
    /* only initialise 'cflags.cf_flags' to test backwards compatibility */
    PyCompilerFlags cflags = {0};

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s:run_in_subinterp",
                          &code))
        return NULL;

    mainstate = PyThreadState_Get();

    PyThreadState_Swap(NULL);

    substate = Py_NewInterpreter();
    if (substate == NULL) {
        /* Since no new thread state was created, there is no exception to
           propagate; raise a fresh one after swapping in the old thread
           state. */
        PyThreadState_Swap(mainstate);
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "sub-interpreter creation failed");
        return NULL;
    }
    r = PyRun_SimpleStringFlags(code, &cflags);
    Py_EndInterpreter(substate);

    PyThreadState_Swap(mainstate);

    return PyLong_FromLong(r);
}

/* To run some code in a sub-interpreter. */
static PyObject *
run_in_subinterp_with_config(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
{
    const char *code;
    int allow_fork = -1;
    int allow_exec = -1;
    int allow_threads = -1;
    int allow_daemon_threads = -1;
    int r;
    PyThreadState *substate, *mainstate;
    /* only initialise 'cflags.cf_flags' to test backwards compatibility */
    PyCompilerFlags cflags = {0};

    static char *kwlist[] = {"code",
                             "allow_fork",
                             "allow_exec",
                             "allow_threads",
                             "allow_daemon_threads",
                             NULL};
    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs,
                    "s$pppp:run_in_subinterp_with_config", kwlist,
                    &code, &allow_fork, &allow_exec,
                    &allow_threads, &allow_daemon_threads)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (allow_fork < 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "missing allow_fork");
        return NULL;
    }
    if (allow_exec < 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "missing allow_exec");
        return NULL;
    }
    if (allow_threads < 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "missing allow_threads");
        return NULL;
    }
    if (allow_daemon_threads < 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "missing allow_daemon_threads");
        return NULL;
    }

    mainstate = PyThreadState_Get();

    PyThreadState_Swap(NULL);

    const _PyInterpreterConfig config = {
        .allow_fork = allow_fork,
        .allow_exec = allow_exec,
        .allow_threads = allow_threads,
        .allow_daemon_threads = allow_daemon_threads,
    };
    substate = _Py_NewInterpreterFromConfig(&config);
    if (substate == NULL) {
        /* Since no new thread state was created, there is no exception to
           propagate; raise a fresh one after swapping in the old thread
           state. */
        PyThreadState_Swap(mainstate);
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "sub-interpreter creation failed");
        return NULL;
    }
    r = PyRun_SimpleStringFlags(code, &cflags);
    Py_EndInterpreter(substate);

    PyThreadState_Swap(mainstate);

    return PyLong_FromLong(r);
}

static void
slot_tp_del(PyObject *self)
{
    PyObject *del, *res;
    PyObject *error_type, *error_value, *error_traceback;

    /* Temporarily resurrect the object. */
    assert(Py_REFCNT(self) == 0);
    Py_SET_REFCNT(self, 1);

    /* Save the current exception, if any. */
    PyErr_Fetch(&error_type, &error_value, &error_traceback);

    PyObject *tp_del = PyUnicode_InternFromString("__tp_del__");
    if (tp_del == NULL) {
        PyErr_WriteUnraisable(NULL);
        PyErr_Restore(error_type, error_value, error_traceback);
        return;
    }
    /* Execute __del__ method, if any. */
    del = _PyType_Lookup(Py_TYPE(self), tp_del);
    Py_DECREF(tp_del);
    if (del != NULL) {
        res = PyObject_CallOneArg(del, self);
        if (res == NULL)
            PyErr_WriteUnraisable(del);
        else
            Py_DECREF(res);
    }

    /* Restore the saved exception. */
    PyErr_Restore(error_type, error_value, error_traceback);

    /* Undo the temporary resurrection; can't use DECREF here, it would
     * cause a recursive call.
     */
    assert(Py_REFCNT(self) > 0);
    Py_SET_REFCNT(self, Py_REFCNT(self) - 1);
    if (Py_REFCNT(self) == 0) {
        /* this is the normal path out */
        return;
    }

    /* __del__ resurrected it!  Make it look like the original Py_DECREF
     * never happened.
     */
    {
        Py_ssize_t refcnt = Py_REFCNT(self);
        _Py_NewReference(self);
        Py_SET_REFCNT(self, refcnt);
    }
    assert(!PyType_IS_GC(Py_TYPE(self)) || PyObject_GC_IsTracked(self));
    /* If Py_REF_DEBUG macro is defined, _Py_NewReference() increased
       _Py_RefTotal, so we need to undo that. */
#ifdef Py_REF_DEBUG
    _Py_RefTotal--;
#endif
}

static PyObject *
with_tp_del(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *obj;
    PyTypeObject *tp;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O:with_tp_del", &obj))
        return NULL;
    tp = (PyTypeObject *) obj;
    if (!PyType_Check(obj) || !PyType_HasFeature(tp, Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE)) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "heap type expected, got %R", obj);
        return NULL;
    }
    tp->tp_del = slot_tp_del;
    return Py_NewRef(obj);
}

static PyObject *
without_gc(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(self), PyObject *obj)
{
    PyTypeObject *tp = (PyTypeObject*)obj;
    if (!PyType_Check(obj) || !PyType_HasFeature(tp, Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE)) {
        return PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "heap type expected, got %R", obj);
    }
    if (PyType_IS_GC(tp)) {
        // Don't try this at home, kids:
        tp->tp_flags -= Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC;
        tp->tp_free = PyObject_Del;
        tp->tp_traverse = NULL;
        tp->tp_clear = NULL;
    }
    assert(!PyType_IS_GC(tp));
    return Py_NewRef(obj);
}

static PyMethodDef ml;

static PyObject *
create_cfunction(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    return PyCFunction_NewEx(&ml, self, NULL);
}

static PyMethodDef ml = {
    "create_cfunction",
    create_cfunction,
    METH_NOARGS,
    NULL
};

static PyObject *
_test_incref(PyObject *ob)
{
    return Py_NewRef(ob);
}

static PyObject *
test_xincref_doesnt_leak(PyObject *ob, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    PyObject *obj = PyLong_FromLong(0);
    Py_XINCREF(_test_incref(obj));
    Py_DECREF(obj);
    Py_DECREF(obj);
    Py_DECREF(obj);
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
test_incref_doesnt_leak(PyObject *ob, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    PyObject *obj = PyLong_FromLong(0);
    Py_INCREF(_test_incref(obj));
    Py_DECREF(obj);
    Py_DECREF(obj);
    Py_DECREF(obj);
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
test_xdecref_doesnt_leak(PyObject *ob, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    Py_XDECREF(PyLong_FromLong(0));
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
test_decref_doesnt_leak(PyObject *ob, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    Py_DECREF(PyLong_FromLong(0));
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
test_structseq_newtype_doesnt_leak(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(self),
                              PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
{
    PyStructSequence_Desc descr;
    PyStructSequence_Field descr_fields[3];

    descr_fields[0] = (PyStructSequence_Field){"foo", "foo value"};
    descr_fields[1] = (PyStructSequence_Field){NULL, "some hidden value"};
    descr_fields[2] = (PyStructSequence_Field){0, NULL};

    descr.name = "_testcapi.test_descr";
    descr.doc = "This is used to test for memory leaks in NewType";
    descr.fields = descr_fields;
    descr.n_in_sequence = 1;

    PyTypeObject* structseq_type = PyStructSequence_NewType(&descr);
    assert(structseq_type != NULL);
    assert(PyType_Check(structseq_type));
    assert(PyType_FastSubclass(structseq_type, Py_TPFLAGS_TUPLE_SUBCLASS));
    Py_DECREF(structseq_type);

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
test_structseq_newtype_null_descr_doc(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(self),
                              PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
{
    PyStructSequence_Field descr_fields[1] = {
        (PyStructSequence_Field){NULL, NULL}
    };
    // Test specifically for NULL .doc field.
    PyStructSequence_Desc descr = {"_testcapi.test_descr", NULL, &descr_fields[0], 0};

    PyTypeObject* structseq_type = PyStructSequence_NewType(&descr);
    assert(structseq_type != NULL);
    assert(PyType_Check(structseq_type));
    assert(PyType_FastSubclass(structseq_type, Py_TPFLAGS_TUPLE_SUBCLASS));
    Py_DECREF(structseq_type);

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
test_incref_decref_API(PyObject *ob, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    PyObject *obj = PyLong_FromLong(0);
    Py_IncRef(obj);
    Py_DecRef(obj);
    Py_DecRef(obj);
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

typedef struct {
    PyThread_type_lock start_event;
    PyThread_type_lock exit_event;
    PyObject *callback;
} test_c_thread_t;

static void
temporary_c_thread(void *data)
{
    test_c_thread_t *test_c_thread = data;
    PyGILState_STATE state;
    PyObject *res;

    PyThread_release_lock(test_c_thread->start_event);

    /* Allocate a Python thread state for this thread */
    state = PyGILState_Ensure();

    res = PyObject_CallNoArgs(test_c_thread->callback);
    Py_CLEAR(test_c_thread->callback);

    if (res == NULL) {
        PyErr_Print();
    }
    else {
        Py_DECREF(res);
    }

    /* Destroy the Python thread state for this thread */
    PyGILState_Release(state);

    PyThread_release_lock(test_c_thread->exit_event);
}

static PyObject *
call_in_temporary_c_thread(PyObject *self, PyObject *callback)
{
    PyObject *res = NULL;
    test_c_thread_t test_c_thread;
    long thread;

    test_c_thread.start_event = PyThread_allocate_lock();
    test_c_thread.exit_event = PyThread_allocate_lock();
    test_c_thread.callback = NULL;
    if (!test_c_thread.start_event || !test_c_thread.exit_event) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "could not allocate lock");
        goto exit;
    }

    test_c_thread.callback = Py_NewRef(callback);

    PyThread_acquire_lock(test_c_thread.start_event, 1);
    PyThread_acquire_lock(test_c_thread.exit_event, 1);

    thread = PyThread_start_new_thread(temporary_c_thread, &test_c_thread);
    if (thread == -1) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "unable to start the thread");
        PyThread_release_lock(test_c_thread.start_event);
        PyThread_release_lock(test_c_thread.exit_event);
        goto exit;
    }

    PyThread_acquire_lock(test_c_thread.start_event, 1);
    PyThread_release_lock(test_c_thread.start_event);

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        PyThread_acquire_lock(test_c_thread.exit_event, 1);
        PyThread_release_lock(test_c_thread.exit_event);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    res = Py_NewRef(Py_None);

exit:
    Py_CLEAR(test_c_thread.callback);
    if (test_c_thread.start_event)
        PyThread_free_lock(test_c_thread.start_event);
    if (test_c_thread.exit_event)
        PyThread_free_lock(test_c_thread.exit_event);
    return res;
}

/* marshal */

static PyObject*
pymarshal_write_long_to_file(PyObject* self, PyObject *args)
{
    long value;
    PyObject *filename;
    int version;
    FILE *fp;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "lOi:pymarshal_write_long_to_file",
                          &value, &filename, &version))
        return NULL;

    fp = _Py_fopen_obj(filename, "wb");
    if (fp == NULL) {
        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
        return NULL;
    }

    PyMarshal_WriteLongToFile(value, fp, version);

    fclose(fp);
    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject*
pymarshal_write_object_to_file(PyObject* self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *obj;
    PyObject *filename;
    int version;
    FILE *fp;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OOi:pymarshal_write_object_to_file",
                          &obj, &filename, &version))
        return NULL;

    fp = _Py_fopen_obj(filename, "wb");
    if (fp == NULL) {
        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
        return NULL;
    }

    PyMarshal_WriteObjectToFile(obj, fp, version);

    fclose(fp);
    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject*
pymarshal_read_short_from_file(PyObject* self, PyObject *args)
{
    int value;
    long pos;
    PyObject *filename;
    FILE *fp;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O:pymarshal_read_short_from_file", &filename))
        return NULL;

    fp = _Py_fopen_obj(filename, "rb");
    if (fp == NULL) {
        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
        return NULL;
    }

    value = PyMarshal_ReadShortFromFile(fp);
    pos = ftell(fp);

    fclose(fp);
    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;
    return Py_BuildValue("il", value, pos);
}

static PyObject*
pymarshal_read_long_from_file(PyObject* self, PyObject *args)
{
    long value, pos;
    PyObject *filename;
    FILE *fp;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O:pymarshal_read_long_from_file", &filename))
        return NULL;

    fp = _Py_fopen_obj(filename, "rb");
    if (fp == NULL) {
        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
        return NULL;
    }

    value = PyMarshal_ReadLongFromFile(fp);
    pos = ftell(fp);

    fclose(fp);
    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;
    return Py_BuildValue("ll", value, pos);
}

static PyObject*
pymarshal_read_last_object_from_file(PyObject* self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *obj;
    long pos;
    PyObject *filename;
    FILE *fp;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O:pymarshal_read_last_object_from_file", &filename))
        return NULL;

    fp = _Py_fopen_obj(filename, "rb");
    if (fp == NULL) {
        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
        return NULL;
    }

    obj = PyMarshal_ReadLastObjectFromFile(fp);
    pos = ftell(fp);

    fclose(fp);
    return Py_BuildValue("Nl", obj, pos);
}

static PyObject*
pymarshal_read_object_from_file(PyObject* self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *obj;
    long pos;
    PyObject *filename;
    FILE *fp;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O:pymarshal_read_object_from_file", &filename))
        return NULL;

    fp = _Py_fopen_obj(filename, "rb");
    if (fp == NULL) {
        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
        return NULL;
    }

    obj = PyMarshal_ReadObjectFromFile(fp);
    pos = ftell(fp);

    fclose(fp);
    return Py_BuildValue("Nl", obj, pos);
}

static PyObject*
return_null_without_error(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    /* invalid call: return NULL without setting an error,
     * _Py_CheckFunctionResult() must detect such bug at runtime. */
    PyErr_Clear();
    return NULL;
}

static PyObject*
return_result_with_error(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    /* invalid call: return a result with an error set,
     * _Py_CheckFunctionResult() must detect such bug at runtime. */
    PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_ValueError);
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject*
getitem_with_error(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *map, *key;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OO", &map, &key)) {
        return NULL;
    }

    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "bug");
    return PyObject_GetItem(map, key);
}

static PyObject *
tracemalloc_track(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    unsigned int domain;
    PyObject *ptr_obj;
    void *ptr;
    Py_ssize_t size;
    int release_gil = 0;
    int res;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "IOn|i", &domain, &ptr_obj, &size, &release_gil))
        return NULL;
    ptr = PyLong_AsVoidPtr(ptr_obj);
    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;

    if (release_gil) {
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        res = PyTraceMalloc_Track(domain, (uintptr_t)ptr, size);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    }
    else {
        res = PyTraceMalloc_Track(domain, (uintptr_t)ptr, size);
    }

    if (res < 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "PyTraceMalloc_Track error");
        return NULL;
    }

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
tracemalloc_untrack(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    unsigned int domain;
    PyObject *ptr_obj;
    void *ptr;
    int res;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "IO", &domain, &ptr_obj))
        return NULL;
    ptr = PyLong_AsVoidPtr(ptr_obj);
    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;

    res = PyTraceMalloc_Untrack(domain, (uintptr_t)ptr);
    if (res < 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "PyTraceMalloc_Untrack error");
        return NULL;
    }

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
tracemalloc_get_traceback(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    unsigned int domain;
    PyObject *ptr_obj;
    void *ptr;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "IO", &domain, &ptr_obj))
        return NULL;
    ptr = PyLong_AsVoidPtr(ptr_obj);
    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;

    return _PyTraceMalloc_GetTraceback(domain, (uintptr_t)ptr);
}

static PyObject *
dict_get_version(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyDictObject *dict;
    uint64_t version;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O!", &PyDict_Type, &dict))
        return NULL;

    version = dict->ma_version_tag;

    static_assert(sizeof(unsigned long long) >= sizeof(version),
                  "version is larger than unsigned long long");
    return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned long long)version);
}


static PyObject *
raise_SIGINT_then_send_None(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyGenObject *gen;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O!", &PyGen_Type, &gen))
        return NULL;

    /* This is used in a test to check what happens if a signal arrives just
       as we're in the process of entering a yield from chain (see
       bpo-30039).

       Needs to be done in C, because:
       - we don't have a Python wrapper for raise()
       - we need to make sure that the Python-level signal handler doesn't run
         *before* we enter the generator frame, which is impossible in Python
         because we check for signals before every bytecode operation.
     */
    raise(SIGINT);
    return PyObject_CallMethod((PyObject *)gen, "send", "O", Py_None);
}


static PyObject*
stack_pointer(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int v = 5;
    return PyLong_FromVoidPtr(&v);
}


#ifdef W_STOPCODE
static PyObject*
py_w_stopcode(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int sig, status;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i", &sig)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    status = W_STOPCODE(sig);
    return PyLong_FromLong(status);
}
#endif


static PyObject *
get_mapping_keys(PyObject* self, PyObject *obj)
{
    return PyMapping_Keys(obj);
}

static PyObject *
get_mapping_values(PyObject* self, PyObject *obj)
{
    return PyMapping_Values(obj);
}

static PyObject *
get_mapping_items(PyObject* self, PyObject *obj)
{
    return PyMapping_Items(obj);
}

static PyObject *
test_mapping_has_key_string(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
{
    PyObject *context = PyDict_New();
    PyObject *val = PyLong_FromLong(1);

    // Since this uses `const char*` it is easier to test this in C:
    PyDict_SetItemString(context, "a", val);
    if (!PyMapping_HasKeyString(context, "a")) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
                        "Existing mapping key does not exist");
        return NULL;
    }
    if (PyMapping_HasKeyString(context, "b")) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
                        "Missing mapping key exists");
        return NULL;
    }

    Py_DECREF(val);
    Py_DECREF(context);
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
mapping_has_key(PyObject* self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *context, *key;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OO", &context, &key)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    return PyLong_FromLong(PyMapping_HasKey(context, key));
}

static PyObject *
sequence_set_slice(PyObject* self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *sequence, *obj;
    Py_ssize_t i1, i2;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OnnO", &sequence, &i1, &i2, &obj)) {
        return NULL;
    }

    int res = PySequence_SetSlice(sequence, i1, i2, obj);
    if (res == -1) {
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
sequence_del_slice(PyObject* self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *sequence;
    Py_ssize_t i1, i2;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "Onn", &sequence, &i1, &i2)) {
        return NULL;
    }

    int res = PySequence_DelSlice(sequence, i1, i2);
    if (res == -1) {
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
test_pythread_tss_key_state(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    Py_tss_t tss_key = Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT;
    if (PyThread_tss_is_created(&tss_key)) {
        return raiseTestError("test_pythread_tss_key_state",
                              "TSS key not in an uninitialized state at "
                              "creation time");
    }
    if (PyThread_tss_create(&tss_key) != 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "PyThread_tss_create failed");
        return NULL;
    }
    if (!PyThread_tss_is_created(&tss_key)) {
        return raiseTestError("test_pythread_tss_key_state",
                              "PyThread_tss_create succeeded, "
                              "but with TSS key in an uninitialized state");
    }
    if (PyThread_tss_create(&tss_key) != 0) {
        return raiseTestError("test_pythread_tss_key_state",
                              "PyThread_tss_create unsuccessful with "
                              "an already initialized key");
    }
#define CHECK_TSS_API(expr) \
        (void)(expr); \
        if (!PyThread_tss_is_created(&tss_key)) { \
            return raiseTestError("test_pythread_tss_key_state", \
                                  "TSS key initialization state was not " \
                                  "preserved after calling " #expr); }
    CHECK_TSS_API(PyThread_tss_set(&tss_key, NULL));
    CHECK_TSS_API(PyThread_tss_get(&tss_key));
#undef CHECK_TSS_API
    PyThread_tss_delete(&tss_key);
    if (PyThread_tss_is_created(&tss_key)) {
        return raiseTestError("test_pythread_tss_key_state",
                              "PyThread_tss_delete called, but did not "
                              "set the key state to uninitialized");
    }

    Py_tss_t *ptr_key = PyThread_tss_alloc();
    if (ptr_key == NULL) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "PyThread_tss_alloc failed");
        return NULL;
    }
    if (PyThread_tss_is_created(ptr_key)) {
        return raiseTestError("test_pythread_tss_key_state",
                              "TSS key not in an uninitialized state at "
                              "allocation time");
    }
    PyThread_tss_free(ptr_key);
    ptr_key = NULL;
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}


static PyObject*
new_hamt(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    return _PyContext_NewHamtForTests();
}


/* def bad_get(self, obj, cls):
       cls()
       return repr(self)
*/
static PyObject*
bad_get(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
{
    PyObject *self, *obj, *cls;
    if (!_PyArg_UnpackStack(args, nargs, "bad_get", 3, 3, &self, &obj, &cls)) {
        return NULL;
    }

    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallNoArgs(cls);
    if (res == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_DECREF(res);

    return PyObject_Repr(self);
}


#ifdef Py_REF_DEBUG
static PyObject *
negative_refcount(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
{
    PyObject *obj = PyUnicode_FromString("negative_refcount");
    if (obj == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    assert(Py_REFCNT(obj) == 1);

    Py_SET_REFCNT(obj,  0);
    /* Py_DECREF() must call _Py_NegativeRefcount() and abort Python */
    Py_DECREF(obj);

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif


static PyObject*
test_write_unraisable_exc(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *exc, *err_msg, *obj;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OOO", &exc, &err_msg, &obj)) {
        return NULL;
    }

    const char *err_msg_utf8;
    if (err_msg != Py_None) {
        err_msg_utf8 = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(err_msg);
        if (err_msg_utf8 == NULL) {
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    else {
        err_msg_utf8 = NULL;
    }

    PyErr_SetObject((PyObject *)Py_TYPE(exc), exc);
    _PyErr_WriteUnraisableMsg(err_msg_utf8, obj);
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}


static PyObject *
sequence_getitem(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *seq;
    Py_ssize_t i;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "On", &seq, &i)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    return PySequence_GetItem(seq, i);
}


static PyObject *
sequence_setitem(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    Py_ssize_t i;
    PyObject *seq, *val;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OnO", &seq, &i, &val)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (PySequence_SetItem(seq, i, val)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}


static PyObject *
sequence_delitem(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    Py_ssize_t i;
    PyObject *seq;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "On", &seq, &i)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (PySequence_DelItem(seq, i)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
hasattr_string(PyObject *self, PyObject* args)
{
    PyObject* obj;
    PyObject* attr_name;

    if (!PyArg_UnpackTuple(args, "hasattr_string", 2, 2, &obj, &attr_name)) {
        return NULL;
    }

    if (!PyUnicode_Check(attr_name)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "attribute name must a be string");
        return PyErr_Occurred();
    }

    const char *name_str = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(attr_name);
    if (PyObject_HasAttrString(obj, name_str)) {
        Py_RETURN_TRUE;
    }
    else {
        Py_RETURN_FALSE;
    }
}


/* Functions for testing C calling conventions (METH_*) are named meth_*,
 * e.g. "meth_varargs" for METH_VARARGS.
 *
 * They all return a tuple of their C-level arguments, with None instead
 * of NULL and Python tuples instead of C arrays.
 */


static PyObject*
_null_to_none(PyObject* obj)
{
    if (obj == NULL) {
        Py_RETURN_NONE;
    }
    return Py_NewRef(obj);
}

static PyObject*
meth_varargs(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
{
    return Py_BuildValue("NO", _null_to_none(self), args);
}

static PyObject*
meth_varargs_keywords(PyObject* self, PyObject* args, PyObject* kwargs)
{
    return Py_BuildValue("NON", _null_to_none(self), args, _null_to_none(kwargs));
}

static PyObject*
meth_o(PyObject* self, PyObject* obj)
{
    return Py_BuildValue("NO", _null_to_none(self), obj);
}

static PyObject*
meth_noargs(PyObject* self, PyObject* ignored)
{
    return _null_to_none(self);
}

static PyObject*
_fastcall_to_tuple(PyObject* const* args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
{
    PyObject *tuple = PyTuple_New(nargs);
    if (tuple == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    for (Py_ssize_t i=0; i < nargs; i++) {
        Py_INCREF(args[i]);
        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(tuple, i, args[i]);
    }
    return tuple;
}

static PyObject*
meth_fastcall(PyObject* self, PyObject* const* args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
{
    return Py_BuildValue(
        "NN", _null_to_none(self), _fastcall_to_tuple(args, nargs)
    );
}

static PyObject*
meth_fastcall_keywords(PyObject* self, PyObject* const* args,
                       Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject* kwargs)
{
    PyObject *pyargs = _fastcall_to_tuple(args, nargs);
    if (pyargs == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    assert(args != NULL || nargs == 0);
    PyObject* const* args_offset = args == NULL ? NULL : args + nargs;
    PyObject *pykwargs = PyObject_Vectorcall((PyObject*)&PyDict_Type,
                                              args_offset, 0, kwargs);
    return Py_BuildValue("NNN", _null_to_none(self), pyargs, pykwargs);
}


static PyObject*
pynumber_tobase(PyObject *module, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *obj;
    int base;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "Oi:pynumber_tobase",
                          &obj, &base)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    return PyNumber_ToBase(obj, base);
}


static PyObject*
test_set_type_size(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    PyObject *obj = PyList_New(0);
    if (obj == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }

    // Ensure that following tests don't modify the object,
    // to ensure that Py_DECREF() will not crash.
    assert(Py_TYPE(obj) == &PyList_Type);
    assert(Py_SIZE(obj) == 0);

    // bpo-39573: Test Py_SET_TYPE() and Py_SET_SIZE() functions.
    Py_SET_TYPE(obj, &PyList_Type);
    Py_SET_SIZE(obj, 0);

    Py_DECREF(obj);
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}


// Test Py_CLEAR() macro
static PyObject*
test_py_clear(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    // simple case with a variable
    PyObject *obj = PyList_New(0);
    if (obj == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_CLEAR(obj);
    assert(obj == NULL);

    // gh-98724: complex case, Py_CLEAR() argument has a side effect
    PyObject* array[1];
    array[0] = PyList_New(0);
    if (array[0] == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }

    PyObject **p = array;
    Py_CLEAR(*p++);
    assert(array[0] == NULL);
    assert(p == array + 1);

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}


// Test Py_SETREF() and Py_XSETREF() macros, similar to test_py_clear()
static PyObject*
test_py_setref(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    // Py_SETREF() simple case with a variable
    PyObject *obj = PyList_New(0);
    if (obj == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_SETREF(obj, NULL);
    assert(obj == NULL);

    // Py_XSETREF() simple case with a variable
    PyObject *obj2 = PyList_New(0);
    if (obj2 == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_XSETREF(obj2, NULL);
    assert(obj2 == NULL);
    // test Py_XSETREF() when the argument is NULL
    Py_XSETREF(obj2, NULL);
    assert(obj2 == NULL);

    // gh-98724: complex case, Py_SETREF() argument has a side effect
    PyObject* array[1];
    array[0] = PyList_New(0);
    if (array[0] == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }

    PyObject **p = array;
    Py_SETREF(*p++, NULL);
    assert(array[0] == NULL);
    assert(p == array + 1);

    // gh-98724: complex case, Py_XSETREF() argument has a side effect
    PyObject* array2[1];
    array2[0] = PyList_New(0);
    if (array2[0] == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }

    PyObject **p2 = array2;
    Py_XSETREF(*p2++, NULL);
    assert(array2[0] == NULL);
    assert(p2 == array2 + 1);

    // test Py_XSETREF() when the argument is NULL
    p2 = array2;
    Py_XSETREF(*p2++, NULL);
    assert(array2[0] == NULL);
    assert(p2 == array2 + 1);

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}


#define TEST_REFCOUNT() \
    do { \
        PyObject *obj = PyList_New(0); \
        if (obj == NULL) { \
            return NULL; \
        } \
        assert(Py_REFCNT(obj) == 1); \
        \
        /* test Py_NewRef() */ \
        PyObject *ref = Py_NewRef(obj); \
        assert(ref == obj); \
        assert(Py_REFCNT(obj) == 2); \
        Py_DECREF(ref); \
        \
        /* test Py_XNewRef() */ \
        PyObject *xref = Py_XNewRef(obj); \
        assert(xref == obj); \
        assert(Py_REFCNT(obj) == 2); \
        Py_DECREF(xref); \
        \
        assert(Py_XNewRef(NULL) == NULL); \
        \
        Py_DECREF(obj); \
        Py_RETURN_NONE; \
    } while (0) \


// Test Py_NewRef() and Py_XNewRef() macros
static PyObject*
test_refcount_macros(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    TEST_REFCOUNT();
}

#undef Py_NewRef
#undef Py_XNewRef

// Test Py_NewRef() and Py_XNewRef() functions, after undefining macros.
static PyObject*
test_refcount_funcs(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    TEST_REFCOUNT();
}


// Test Py_Is() function
#define TEST_PY_IS() \
    do { \
        PyObject *o_none = Py_None; \
        PyObject *o_true = Py_True; \
        PyObject *o_false = Py_False; \
        PyObject *obj = PyList_New(0); \
        if (obj == NULL) { \
            return NULL; \
        } \
        \
        /* test Py_Is() */ \
        assert(Py_Is(obj, obj)); \
        assert(!Py_Is(obj, o_none)); \
        \
        /* test Py_None */ \
        assert(Py_Is(o_none, o_none)); \
        assert(!Py_Is(obj, o_none)); \
        \
        /* test Py_True */ \
        assert(Py_Is(o_true, o_true)); \
        assert(!Py_Is(o_false, o_true)); \
        assert(!Py_Is(obj, o_true)); \
        \
        /* test Py_False */ \
        assert(Py_Is(o_false, o_false)); \
        assert(!Py_Is(o_true, o_false)); \
        assert(!Py_Is(obj, o_false)); \
        \
        Py_DECREF(obj); \
        Py_RETURN_NONE; \
    } while (0)

// Test Py_Is() macro
static PyObject*
test_py_is_macros(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    TEST_PY_IS();
}

#undef Py_Is

// Test Py_Is() function, after undefining its macro.
static PyObject*
test_py_is_funcs(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    TEST_PY_IS();
}


static PyObject *
test_fatal_error(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    char *message;
    int release_gil = 0;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "y|i:fatal_error", &message, &release_gil))
        return NULL;
    if (release_gil) {
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        Py_FatalError(message);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    }
    else {
        Py_FatalError(message);
    }
    // Py_FatalError() does not return, but exits the process.
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

// type->tp_version_tag
static PyObject *
type_get_version(PyObject *self, PyObject *type)
{
    if (!PyType_Check(type)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "argument must be a type");
        return NULL;
    }
    PyObject *res = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(
        ((PyTypeObject *)type)->tp_version_tag);
    if (res == NULL) {
        assert(PyErr_Occurred());
        return NULL;
    }
    return res;
}


// Test PyThreadState C API
static PyObject *
test_tstate_capi(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
{
    // PyThreadState_Get()
    PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_Get();
    assert(tstate != NULL);

    // PyThreadState_GET()
    PyThreadState *tstate2 = PyThreadState_Get();
    assert(tstate2 == tstate);

    // private _PyThreadState_UncheckedGet()
    PyThreadState *tstate3 = _PyThreadState_UncheckedGet();
    assert(tstate3 == tstate);

    // PyThreadState_EnterTracing(), PyThreadState_LeaveTracing()
    PyThreadState_EnterTracing(tstate);
    PyThreadState_LeaveTracing(tstate);

    // PyThreadState_GetDict(): no tstate argument
    PyObject *dict = PyThreadState_GetDict();
    // PyThreadState_GetDict() API can return NULL if PyDict_New() fails,
    // but it should not occur in practice.
    assert(dict != NULL);
    assert(PyDict_Check(dict));
    // dict is a borrowed reference

    // private _PyThreadState_GetDict()
    PyObject *dict2 = _PyThreadState_GetDict(tstate);
    assert(dict2 == dict);
    // dict2 is a borrowed reference

    // PyThreadState_GetInterpreter()
    PyInterpreterState *interp = PyThreadState_GetInterpreter(tstate);
    assert(interp != NULL);

    // PyThreadState_GetFrame()
    PyFrameObject*frame = PyThreadState_GetFrame(tstate);
    assert(frame != NULL);
    assert(PyFrame_Check(frame));
    Py_DECREF(frame);

    // PyThreadState_GetID()
    uint64_t id = PyThreadState_GetID(tstate);
    assert(id >= 1);

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}


// Test dict watching
static PyObject *g_dict_watch_events;
static int g_dict_watchers_installed;

static int
dict_watch_callback(PyDict_WatchEvent event,
                    PyObject *dict,
                    PyObject *key,
                    PyObject *new_value)
{
    PyObject *msg;
    switch(event) {
        case PyDict_EVENT_CLEARED:
            msg = PyUnicode_FromString("clear");
            break;
        case PyDict_EVENT_DEALLOCATED:
            msg = PyUnicode_FromString("dealloc");
            break;
        case PyDict_EVENT_CLONED:
            msg = PyUnicode_FromString("clone");
            break;
        case PyDict_EVENT_ADDED:
            msg = PyUnicode_FromFormat("new:%S:%S", key, new_value);
            break;
        case PyDict_EVENT_MODIFIED:
            msg = PyUnicode_FromFormat("mod:%S:%S", key, new_value);
            break;
        case PyDict_EVENT_DELETED:
            msg = PyUnicode_FromFormat("del:%S", key);
            break;
        default:
            msg = PyUnicode_FromString("unknown");
    }
    if (!msg) {
        return -1;
    }
    assert(PyList_Check(g_dict_watch_events));
    if (PyList_Append(g_dict_watch_events, msg) < 0) {
        Py_DECREF(msg);
        return -1;
    }
    Py_DECREF(msg);
    return 0;
}

static int
dict_watch_callback_second(PyDict_WatchEvent event,
                           PyObject *dict,
                           PyObject *key,
                           PyObject *new_value)
{
    PyObject *msg = PyUnicode_FromString("second");
    if (!msg) {
        return -1;
    }
    if (PyList_Append(g_dict_watch_events, msg) < 0) {
        Py_DECREF(msg);
        return -1;
    }
    Py_DECREF(msg);
    return 0;
}

static int
dict_watch_callback_error(PyDict_WatchEvent event,
                          PyObject *dict,
                          PyObject *key,
                          PyObject *new_value)
{
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "boom!");
    return -1;
}

static PyObject *
add_dict_watcher(PyObject *self, PyObject *kind)
{
    int watcher_id;
    assert(PyLong_Check(kind));
    long kind_l = PyLong_AsLong(kind);
    if (kind_l == 2) {
        watcher_id = PyDict_AddWatcher(dict_watch_callback_second);
    } else if (kind_l == 1) {
        watcher_id = PyDict_AddWatcher(dict_watch_callback_error);
    } else {
        watcher_id = PyDict_AddWatcher(dict_watch_callback);
    }
    if (watcher_id < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (!g_dict_watchers_installed) {
        assert(!g_dict_watch_events);
        if (!(g_dict_watch_events = PyList_New(0))) {
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    g_dict_watchers_installed++;
    return PyLong_FromLong(watcher_id);
}

static PyObject *
clear_dict_watcher(PyObject *self, PyObject *watcher_id)
{
    if (PyDict_ClearWatcher(PyLong_AsLong(watcher_id))) {
        return NULL;
    }
    g_dict_watchers_installed--;
    if (!g_dict_watchers_installed) {
        assert(g_dict_watch_events);
        Py_CLEAR(g_dict_watch_events);
    }
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
watch_dict(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *dict;
    int watcher_id;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO", &watcher_id, &dict)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (PyDict_Watch(watcher_id, dict)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
unwatch_dict(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *dict;
    int watcher_id;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO", &watcher_id, &dict)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (PyDict_Unwatch(watcher_id, dict)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
get_dict_watcher_events(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
{
    if (!g_dict_watch_events) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "no watchers active");
        return NULL;
    }
    return Py_NewRef(g_dict_watch_events);
}


// Test PyFloat_Pack2(), PyFloat_Pack4() and PyFloat_Pack8()
static PyObject *
test_float_pack(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int size;
    double d;
    int le;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "idi", &size, &d, &le)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    switch (size)
    {
    case 2:
    {
        char data[2];
        if (PyFloat_Pack2(d, data, le) < 0) {
            return NULL;
        }
        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(data, Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(data));
    }
    case 4:
    {
        char data[4];
        if (PyFloat_Pack4(d, data, le) < 0) {
            return NULL;
        }
        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(data, Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(data));
    }
    case 8:
    {
        char data[8];
        if (PyFloat_Pack8(d, data, le) < 0) {
            return NULL;
        }
        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(data, Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(data));
    }
    default: break;
    }

    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "size must 2, 4 or 8");
    return NULL;
}


// Test PyFloat_Unpack2(), PyFloat_Unpack4() and PyFloat_Unpack8()
static PyObject *
test_float_unpack(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    assert(!PyErr_Occurred());
    const char *data;
    Py_ssize_t size;
    int le;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "y#i", &data, &size, &le)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    double d;
    switch (size)
    {
    case 2:
        d = PyFloat_Unpack2(data, le);
        break;
    case 4:
        d = PyFloat_Unpack4(data, le);
        break;
    case 8:
        d = PyFloat_Unpack8(data, le);
        break;
    default:
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "data length must 2, 4 or 8 bytes");
        return NULL;
    }

    if (d == -1.0 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
        return NULL;
    }
    return PyFloat_FromDouble(d);
}

static PyObject *
frame_getlocals(PyObject *self, PyObject *frame)
{
    if (!PyFrame_Check(frame)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "argument must be a frame");
        return NULL;
    }
    return PyFrame_GetLocals((PyFrameObject *)frame);
}

static PyObject *
frame_getglobals(PyObject *self, PyObject *frame)
{
    if (!PyFrame_Check(frame)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "argument must be a frame");
        return NULL;
    }
    return PyFrame_GetGlobals((PyFrameObject *)frame);
}

static PyObject *
frame_getgenerator(PyObject *self, PyObject *frame)
{
    if (!PyFrame_Check(frame)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "argument must be a frame");
        return NULL;
    }
    return PyFrame_GetGenerator((PyFrameObject *)frame);
}

static PyObject *
frame_getbuiltins(PyObject *self, PyObject *frame)
{
    if (!PyFrame_Check(frame)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "argument must be a frame");
        return NULL;
    }
    return PyFrame_GetBuiltins((PyFrameObject *)frame);
}

static PyObject *
frame_getlasti(PyObject *self, PyObject *frame)
{
    if (!PyFrame_Check(frame)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "argument must be a frame");
        return NULL;
    }
    int lasti = PyFrame_GetLasti((PyFrameObject *)frame);
    if (lasti < 0) {
        assert(lasti == -1);
        Py_RETURN_NONE;
    }
    return PyLong_FromLong(lasti);
}

static PyObject *
test_frame_getvar(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *frame, *name;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OO", &frame, &name)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (!PyFrame_Check(frame)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "argument must be a frame");
        return NULL;
    }

    return PyFrame_GetVar((PyFrameObject *)frame, name);
}

static PyObject *
test_frame_getvarstring(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *frame;
    const char *name;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "Oy", &frame, &name)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (!PyFrame_Check(frame)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "argument must be a frame");
        return NULL;
    }

    return PyFrame_GetVarString((PyFrameObject *)frame, name);
}


static PyObject *
eval_get_func_name(PyObject *self, PyObject *func)
{
    return PyUnicode_FromString(PyEval_GetFuncName(func));
}

static PyObject *
eval_get_func_desc(PyObject *self, PyObject *func)
{
    return PyUnicode_FromString(PyEval_GetFuncDesc(func));
}

static PyObject *
get_feature_macros(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
{
    PyObject *result = PyDict_New();
    if (!result) {
        return NULL;
    }
    int res;
#include "_testcapi_feature_macros.inc"
    return result;
}

static PyObject *
test_code_api(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
{
    PyCodeObject *co = PyCode_NewEmpty("_testcapi", "dummy", 1);
    if (co == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    /* co_code */
    {
        PyObject *co_code = PyCode_GetCode(co);
        if (co_code == NULL) {
            goto fail;
        }
        assert(PyBytes_CheckExact(co_code));
        if (PyObject_Length(co_code) == 0) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "empty co_code");
            Py_DECREF(co_code);
            goto fail;
        }
        Py_DECREF(co_code);
    }
    /* co_varnames */
    {
        PyObject *co_varnames = PyCode_GetVarnames(co);
        if (co_varnames == NULL) {
            goto fail;
        }
        if (!PyTuple_CheckExact(co_varnames)) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "co_varnames not tuple");
            Py_DECREF(co_varnames);
            goto fail;
        }
        if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(co_varnames) != 0) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "non-empty co_varnames");
            Py_DECREF(co_varnames);
            goto fail;
        }
        Py_DECREF(co_varnames);
    }
    /* co_cellvars */
    {
        PyObject *co_cellvars = PyCode_GetCellvars(co);
        if (co_cellvars == NULL) {
            goto fail;
        }
        if (!PyTuple_CheckExact(co_cellvars)) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "co_cellvars not tuple");
            Py_DECREF(co_cellvars);
            goto fail;
        }
        if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(co_cellvars) != 0) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "non-empty co_cellvars");
            Py_DECREF(co_cellvars);
            goto fail;
        }
        Py_DECREF(co_cellvars);
    }
    /* co_freevars */
    {
        PyObject *co_freevars = PyCode_GetFreevars(co);
        if (co_freevars == NULL) {
            goto fail;
        }
        if (!PyTuple_CheckExact(co_freevars)) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "co_freevars not tuple");
            Py_DECREF(co_freevars);
            goto fail;
        }
        if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(co_freevars) != 0) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "non-empty co_freevars");
            Py_DECREF(co_freevars);
            goto fail;
        }
        Py_DECREF(co_freevars);
    }
    Py_DECREF(co);
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
fail:
    Py_DECREF(co);
    return NULL;
}

static int
record_func(PyObject *obj, PyFrameObject *f, int what, PyObject *arg)
{
    assert(PyList_Check(obj));
    PyObject *what_obj = NULL;
    PyObject *line_obj = NULL;
    PyObject *tuple = NULL;
    int res = -1;
    what_obj = PyLong_FromLong(what);
    if (what_obj == NULL) {
        goto error;
    }
    int line = PyFrame_GetLineNumber(f);
    line_obj = PyLong_FromLong(line);
    if (line_obj == NULL) {
        goto error;
    }
    tuple = PyTuple_Pack(3, what_obj, line_obj, arg);
    if (tuple == NULL) {
        goto error;
    }
    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(tuple, 0, what_obj);
    if (PyList_Append(obj, tuple)) {
        goto error;
    }
    res = 0;
error:
    Py_XDECREF(what_obj);
    Py_XDECREF(line_obj);
    Py_XDECREF(tuple);
    return res;
}

static PyObject *
settrace_to_record(PyObject *self, PyObject *list)
{

   if (!PyList_Check(list)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "argument must be a list");
        return NULL;
    }
    PyEval_SetTrace(record_func, list);
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
clear_managed_dict(PyObject *self, PyObject *obj)
{
    _PyObject_ClearManagedDict(obj);
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}


static PyObject *
test_macros(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
{
    struct MyStruct {
        int x;
    };
    wchar_t array[3];

    // static_assert(), Py_BUILD_ASSERT()
    static_assert(1 == 1, "bug");
    Py_BUILD_ASSERT(1 == 1);


    // Py_MIN(), Py_MAX(), Py_ABS()
    assert(Py_MIN(5, 11) == 5);
    assert(Py_MAX(5, 11) == 11);
    assert(Py_ABS(-5) == 5);

    // Py_STRINGIFY()
    assert(strcmp(Py_STRINGIFY(123), "123") == 0);

    // Py_MEMBER_SIZE(), Py_ARRAY_LENGTH()
    assert(Py_MEMBER_SIZE(struct MyStruct, x) == sizeof(int));
    assert(Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(array) == 3);

    // Py_CHARMASK()
    int c = 0xab00 | 7;
    assert(Py_CHARMASK(c) == 7);

    // _Py_IS_TYPE_SIGNED()
    assert(_Py_IS_TYPE_SIGNED(int));
    assert(!_Py_IS_TYPE_SIGNED(unsigned int));

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
function_get_code(PyObject *self, PyObject *func)
{
    PyObject *code = PyFunction_GetCode(func);
    if (code != NULL) {
        return Py_NewRef(code);
    } else {
        return NULL;
    }
}

static PyObject *
function_get_globals(PyObject *self, PyObject *func)
{
    PyObject *globals = PyFunction_GetGlobals(func);
    if (globals != NULL) {
        return Py_NewRef(globals);
    } else {
        return NULL;
    }
}

static PyObject *
function_get_module(PyObject *self, PyObject *func)
{
    PyObject *module = PyFunction_GetModule(func);
    if (module != NULL) {
        return Py_NewRef(module);
    } else {
        return NULL;
    }
}

static PyObject *
function_get_defaults(PyObject *self, PyObject *func)
{
    PyObject *defaults = PyFunction_GetDefaults(func);
    if (defaults != NULL) {
        return Py_NewRef(defaults);
    } else if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
        return NULL;
    } else {
        Py_RETURN_NONE;  // This can happen when `defaults` are set to `None`
    }
}

static PyObject *
function_set_defaults(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *func = NULL, *defaults = NULL;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OO", &func, &defaults)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    int result = PyFunction_SetDefaults(func, defaults);
    if (result == -1)
        return NULL;
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
function_get_kw_defaults(PyObject *self, PyObject *func)
{
    PyObject *defaults = PyFunction_GetKwDefaults(func);
    if (defaults != NULL) {
        return Py_NewRef(defaults);
    } else if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
        return NULL;
    } else {
        Py_RETURN_NONE;  // This can happen when `kwdefaults` are set to `None`
    }
}

static PyObject *
function_set_kw_defaults(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *func = NULL, *defaults = NULL;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OO", &func, &defaults)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    int result = PyFunction_SetKwDefaults(func, defaults);
    if (result == -1)
        return NULL;
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}


// type watchers

static PyObject *g_type_modified_events;
static int g_type_watchers_installed;

static int
type_modified_callback(PyTypeObject *type)
{
    assert(PyList_Check(g_type_modified_events));
    if(PyList_Append(g_type_modified_events, (PyObject *)type) < 0) {
        return -1;
    }
    return 0;
}

static int
type_modified_callback_wrap(PyTypeObject *type)
{
    assert(PyList_Check(g_type_modified_events));
    PyObject *list = PyList_New(0);
    if (!list) {
        return -1;
    }
    if (PyList_Append(list, (PyObject *)type) < 0) {
        Py_DECREF(list);
        return -1;
    }
    if (PyList_Append(g_type_modified_events, list) < 0) {
        Py_DECREF(list);
        return -1;
    }
    Py_DECREF(list);
    return 0;
}

static int
type_modified_callback_error(PyTypeObject *type)
{
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "boom!");
    return -1;
}

static PyObject *
add_type_watcher(PyObject *self, PyObject *kind)
{
    int watcher_id;
    assert(PyLong_Check(kind));
    long kind_l = PyLong_AsLong(kind);
    if (kind_l == 2) {
        watcher_id = PyType_AddWatcher(type_modified_callback_wrap);
    } else if (kind_l == 1) {
        watcher_id = PyType_AddWatcher(type_modified_callback_error);
    } else {
        watcher_id = PyType_AddWatcher(type_modified_callback);
    }
    if (watcher_id < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (!g_type_watchers_installed) {
        assert(!g_type_modified_events);
        if (!(g_type_modified_events = PyList_New(0))) {
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    g_type_watchers_installed++;
    return PyLong_FromLong(watcher_id);
}

static PyObject *
clear_type_watcher(PyObject *self, PyObject *watcher_id)
{
    if (PyType_ClearWatcher(PyLong_AsLong(watcher_id))) {
        return NULL;
    }
    g_type_watchers_installed--;
    if (!g_type_watchers_installed) {
        assert(g_type_modified_events);
        Py_CLEAR(g_type_modified_events);
    }
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
get_type_modified_events(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
{
    if (!g_type_modified_events) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "no watchers active");
        return NULL;
    }
    return Py_NewRef(g_type_modified_events);
}

static PyObject *
watch_type(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *type;
    int watcher_id;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO", &watcher_id, &type)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (PyType_Watch(watcher_id, type)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
unwatch_type(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *type;
    int watcher_id;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO", &watcher_id, &type)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (PyType_Unwatch(watcher_id, type)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}


static PyObject *test_buildvalue_issue38913(PyObject *, PyObject *);

static PyMethodDef TestMethods[] = {
    {"raise_exception",         raise_exception,                 METH_VARARGS},
    {"raise_memoryerror",       raise_memoryerror,               METH_NOARGS},
    {"set_errno",               set_errno,                       METH_VARARGS},
    {"test_config",             test_config,                     METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_sizeof_c_types",     test_sizeof_c_types,             METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_gc_control",         test_gc_control,                 METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_list_api",           test_list_api,                   METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_dict_iteration",     test_dict_iteration,             METH_NOARGS},
    {"dict_getitem_knownhash",  dict_getitem_knownhash,          METH_VARARGS},
    {"test_lazy_hash_inheritance",      test_lazy_hash_inheritance,METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_long_api",           test_long_api,                   METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_xincref_doesnt_leak",test_xincref_doesnt_leak,        METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_incref_doesnt_leak", test_incref_doesnt_leak,         METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_xdecref_doesnt_leak",test_xdecref_doesnt_leak,        METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_decref_doesnt_leak", test_decref_doesnt_leak,         METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_structseq_newtype_doesnt_leak",
        test_structseq_newtype_doesnt_leak, METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_structseq_newtype_null_descr_doc",
        test_structseq_newtype_null_descr_doc, METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_incref_decref_API",  test_incref_decref_API,          METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_long_and_overflow",  test_long_and_overflow,          METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_long_as_double",     test_long_as_double,             METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_long_as_size_t",     test_long_as_size_t,             METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_long_as_unsigned_long_long_mask",
        test_long_as_unsigned_long_long_mask, METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_long_numbits",       test_long_numbits,               METH_NOARGS},
    {"pyobject_repr_from_null", pyobject_repr_from_null, METH_NOARGS},
    {"pyobject_str_from_null",  pyobject_str_from_null, METH_NOARGS},
    {"pyobject_bytes_from_null", pyobject_bytes_from_null, METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_string_to_double",   test_string_to_double,           METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_capsule", (PyCFunction)test_capsule, METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_from_contiguous", (PyCFunction)test_from_contiguous, METH_NOARGS},
#if (defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)) && defined(__GNUC__)
    {"test_pep3118_obsolete_write_locks", (PyCFunction)test_pep3118_obsolete_write_locks, METH_NOARGS},
#endif
    {"getbuffer_with_null_view", getbuffer_with_null_view,       METH_O},
    {"PyBuffer_SizeFromFormat",  test_PyBuffer_SizeFromFormat,   METH_VARARGS},
    {"test_buildvalue_N",        test_buildvalue_N,              METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_buildvalue_issue38913", test_buildvalue_issue38913,   METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_get_statictype_slots", test_get_statictype_slots,     METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_get_type_name",        test_get_type_name,            METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_get_type_qualname",    test_get_type_qualname,        METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_longlong_api",       test_longlong_api,               METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_long_long_and_overflow",test_long_long_and_overflow,  METH_NOARGS},
    {"_test_thread_state",      test_thread_state,               METH_VARARGS},
    {"_pending_threadfunc",     pending_threadfunc,              METH_VARARGS},
#ifdef HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY
    {"profile_int",             profile_int,                     METH_NOARGS},
#endif
    {"traceback_print",         traceback_print,                 METH_VARARGS},
    {"exception_print",         exception_print,                 METH_VARARGS},
    {"set_exception",           test_set_exception,              METH_O},
    {"set_exc_info",            test_set_exc_info,               METH_VARARGS},
    {"argparsing",              argparsing,                      METH_VARARGS},
    {"code_newempty",           code_newempty,                   METH_VARARGS},
    {"make_exception_with_doc", _PyCFunction_CAST(make_exception_with_doc),
     METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS},
    {"make_memoryview_from_NULL_pointer", make_memoryview_from_NULL_pointer,
     METH_NOARGS},
    {"crash_no_current_thread", crash_no_current_thread,         METH_NOARGS},
    {"run_in_subinterp",        run_in_subinterp,                METH_VARARGS},
    {"run_in_subinterp_with_config",
     _PyCFunction_CAST(run_in_subinterp_with_config),
     METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS},
    {"with_tp_del",             with_tp_del,                     METH_VARARGS},
    {"create_cfunction",        create_cfunction,                METH_NOARGS},
    {"call_in_temporary_c_thread", call_in_temporary_c_thread, METH_O,
     PyDoc_STR("set_error_class(error_class) -> None")},
    {"pymarshal_write_long_to_file",
        pymarshal_write_long_to_file, METH_VARARGS},
    {"pymarshal_write_object_to_file",
        pymarshal_write_object_to_file, METH_VARARGS},
    {"pymarshal_read_short_from_file",
        pymarshal_read_short_from_file, METH_VARARGS},
    {"pymarshal_read_long_from_file",
        pymarshal_read_long_from_file, METH_VARARGS},
    {"pymarshal_read_last_object_from_file",
        pymarshal_read_last_object_from_file, METH_VARARGS},
    {"pymarshal_read_object_from_file",
        pymarshal_read_object_from_file, METH_VARARGS},
    {"return_null_without_error", return_null_without_error, METH_NOARGS},
    {"return_result_with_error", return_result_with_error, METH_NOARGS},
    {"getitem_with_error", getitem_with_error, METH_VARARGS},
    {"Py_CompileString",     pycompilestring, METH_O},
    {"tracemalloc_track", tracemalloc_track, METH_VARARGS},
    {"tracemalloc_untrack", tracemalloc_untrack, METH_VARARGS},
    {"tracemalloc_get_traceback", tracemalloc_get_traceback, METH_VARARGS},
    {"dict_get_version", dict_get_version, METH_VARARGS},
    {"raise_SIGINT_then_send_None", raise_SIGINT_then_send_None, METH_VARARGS},
    {"stack_pointer", stack_pointer, METH_NOARGS},
#ifdef W_STOPCODE
    {"W_STOPCODE", py_w_stopcode, METH_VARARGS},
#endif
    {"get_mapping_keys", get_mapping_keys, METH_O},
    {"get_mapping_values", get_mapping_values, METH_O},
    {"get_mapping_items", get_mapping_items, METH_O},
    {"test_mapping_has_key_string", test_mapping_has_key_string, METH_NOARGS},
    {"mapping_has_key", mapping_has_key, METH_VARARGS},
    {"sequence_set_slice", sequence_set_slice, METH_VARARGS},
    {"sequence_del_slice", sequence_del_slice, METH_VARARGS},
    {"test_pythread_tss_key_state", test_pythread_tss_key_state, METH_VARARGS},
    {"hamt", new_hamt, METH_NOARGS},
    {"bad_get", _PyCFunction_CAST(bad_get), METH_FASTCALL},
#ifdef Py_REF_DEBUG
    {"negative_refcount", negative_refcount, METH_NOARGS},
#endif
    {"write_unraisable_exc", test_write_unraisable_exc, METH_VARARGS},
    {"sequence_getitem", sequence_getitem, METH_VARARGS},
    {"sequence_setitem", sequence_setitem, METH_VARARGS},
    {"sequence_delitem", sequence_delitem, METH_VARARGS},
    {"hasattr_string", hasattr_string, METH_VARARGS},
    {"meth_varargs", meth_varargs, METH_VARARGS},
    {"meth_varargs_keywords", _PyCFunction_CAST(meth_varargs_keywords), METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS},
    {"meth_o", meth_o, METH_O},
    {"meth_noargs", meth_noargs, METH_NOARGS},
    {"meth_fastcall", _PyCFunction_CAST(meth_fastcall), METH_FASTCALL},
    {"meth_fastcall_keywords", _PyCFunction_CAST(meth_fastcall_keywords), METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS},
    {"pynumber_tobase", pynumber_tobase, METH_VARARGS},
    {"without_gc", without_gc, METH_O},
    {"test_set_type_size", test_set_type_size, METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_py_clear", test_py_clear, METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_py_setref", test_py_setref, METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_refcount_macros", test_refcount_macros, METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_refcount_funcs", test_refcount_funcs, METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_py_is_macros", test_py_is_macros, METH_NOARGS},
    {"test_py_is_funcs", test_py_is_funcs, METH_NOARGS},
    {"fatal_error", test_fatal_error, METH_VARARGS,
     PyDoc_STR("fatal_error(message, release_gil=False): call Py_FatalError(message)")},
    {"type_get_version", type_get_version, METH_O, PyDoc_STR("type->tp_version_tag")},
    {"test_tstate_capi", test_tstate_capi, METH_NOARGS, NULL},
    {"float_pack", test_float_pack, METH_VARARGS, NULL},
    {"float_unpack", test_float_unpack, METH_VARARGS, NULL},
    {"frame_getlocals", frame_getlocals, METH_O, NULL},
    {"frame_getglobals", frame_getglobals, METH_O, NULL},
    {"frame_getgenerator", frame_getgenerator, METH_O, NULL},
    {"frame_getbuiltins", frame_getbuiltins, METH_O, NULL},
    {"frame_getlasti", frame_getlasti, METH_O, NULL},
    {"frame_getvar", test_frame_getvar, METH_VARARGS, NULL},
    {"frame_getvarstring", test_frame_getvarstring, METH_VARARGS, NULL},
    {"eval_get_func_name", eval_get_func_name, METH_O, NULL},
    {"eval_get_func_desc", eval_get_func_desc, METH_O, NULL},
    {"get_feature_macros", get_feature_macros, METH_NOARGS, NULL},
    {"test_code_api", test_code_api, METH_NOARGS, NULL},
    {"settrace_to_record", settrace_to_record, METH_O, NULL},
    {"test_macros", test_macros, METH_NOARGS, NULL},
    {"clear_managed_dict", clear_managed_dict, METH_O, NULL},
    {"add_dict_watcher", add_dict_watcher, METH_O, NULL},
    {"clear_dict_watcher", clear_dict_watcher, METH_O, NULL},
    {"watch_dict", watch_dict, METH_VARARGS, NULL},
    {"unwatch_dict", unwatch_dict, METH_VARARGS, NULL},
    {"get_dict_watcher_events", get_dict_watcher_events, METH_NOARGS, NULL},
    {"function_get_code", function_get_code, METH_O, NULL},
    {"function_get_globals", function_get_globals, METH_O, NULL},
    {"function_get_module", function_get_module, METH_O, NULL},
    {"function_get_defaults", function_get_defaults, METH_O, NULL},
    {"function_set_defaults", function_set_defaults, METH_VARARGS, NULL},
    {"function_get_kw_defaults", function_get_kw_defaults, METH_O, NULL},
    {"function_set_kw_defaults", function_set_kw_defaults, METH_VARARGS, NULL},
    {"add_type_watcher", add_type_watcher, METH_O, NULL},
    {"clear_type_watcher", clear_type_watcher, METH_O, NULL},
    {"watch_type", watch_type, METH_VARARGS, NULL},
    {"unwatch_type", unwatch_type, METH_VARARGS, NULL},
    {"get_type_modified_events", get_type_modified_events, METH_NOARGS, NULL},
    {NULL, NULL} /* sentinel */
};

typedef struct {
    char bool_member;
    char byte_member;
    unsigned char ubyte_member;
    short short_member;
    unsigned short ushort_member;
    int int_member;
    unsigned int uint_member;
    long long_member;
    unsigned long ulong_member;
    Py_ssize_t pyssizet_member;
    float float_member;
    double double_member;
    char inplace_member[6];
    long long longlong_member;
    unsigned long long ulonglong_member;
} all_structmembers;

typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD
    all_structmembers structmembers;
} test_structmembers;

static struct PyMemberDef test_members[] = {
    {"T_BOOL", T_BOOL, offsetof(test_structmembers, structmembers.bool_member), 0, NULL},
    {"T_BYTE", T_BYTE, offsetof(test_structmembers, structmembers.byte_member), 0, NULL},
    {"T_UBYTE", T_UBYTE, offsetof(test_structmembers, structmembers.ubyte_member), 0, NULL},
    {"T_SHORT", T_SHORT, offsetof(test_structmembers, structmembers.short_member), 0, NULL},
    {"T_USHORT", T_USHORT, offsetof(test_structmembers, structmembers.ushort_member), 0, NULL},
    {"T_INT", T_INT, offsetof(test_structmembers, structmembers.int_member), 0, NULL},
    {"T_UINT", T_UINT, offsetof(test_structmembers, structmembers.uint_member), 0, NULL},
    {"T_LONG", T_LONG, offsetof(test_structmembers, structmembers.long_member), 0, NULL},
    {"T_ULONG", T_ULONG, offsetof(test_structmembers, structmembers.ulong_member), 0, NULL},
    {"T_PYSSIZET", T_PYSSIZET, offsetof(test_structmembers, structmembers.pyssizet_member), 0, NULL},
    {"T_FLOAT", T_FLOAT, offsetof(test_structmembers, structmembers.float_member), 0, NULL},
    {"T_DOUBLE", T_DOUBLE, offsetof(test_structmembers, structmembers.double_member), 0, NULL},
    {"T_STRING_INPLACE", T_STRING_INPLACE, offsetof(test_structmembers, structmembers.inplace_member), 0, NULL},
    {"T_LONGLONG", T_LONGLONG, offsetof(test_structmembers, structmembers.longlong_member), 0, NULL},
    {"T_ULONGLONG", T_ULONGLONG, offsetof(test_structmembers, structmembers.ulonglong_member), 0, NULL},
    {NULL}
};


static PyObject *
test_structmembers_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
{
    static char *keywords[] = {
        "T_BOOL", "T_BYTE", "T_UBYTE", "T_SHORT", "T_USHORT",
        "T_INT", "T_UINT", "T_LONG", "T_ULONG", "T_PYSSIZET",
        "T_FLOAT", "T_DOUBLE", "T_STRING_INPLACE",
        "T_LONGLONG", "T_ULONGLONG",
        NULL};
    static const char fmt[] = "|bbBhHiIlknfds#LK";
    test_structmembers *ob;
    const char *s = NULL;
    Py_ssize_t string_len = 0;
    ob = PyObject_New(test_structmembers, type);
    if (ob == NULL)
        return NULL;
    memset(&ob->structmembers, 0, sizeof(all_structmembers));
    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs, fmt, keywords,
                                     &ob->structmembers.bool_member,
                                     &ob->structmembers.byte_member,
                                     &ob->structmembers.ubyte_member,
                                     &ob->structmembers.short_member,
                                     &ob->structmembers.ushort_member,
                                     &ob->structmembers.int_member,
                                     &ob->structmembers.uint_member,
                                     &ob->structmembers.long_member,
                                     &ob->structmembers.ulong_member,
                                     &ob->structmembers.pyssizet_member,
                                     &ob->structmembers.float_member,
                                     &ob->structmembers.double_member,
                                     &s, &string_len
                                     , &ob->structmembers.longlong_member,
                                     &ob->structmembers.ulonglong_member
        )) {
        Py_DECREF(ob);
        return NULL;
    }
    if (s != NULL) {
        if (string_len > 5) {
            Py_DECREF(ob);
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "string too long");
            return NULL;
        }
        strcpy(ob->structmembers.inplace_member, s);
    }
    else {
        strcpy(ob->structmembers.inplace_member, "");
    }
    return (PyObject *)ob;
}

static void
test_structmembers_free(PyObject *ob)
{
    PyObject_Free(ob);
}

static PyTypeObject test_structmembersType = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    "test_structmembersType",
    sizeof(test_structmembers),         /* tp_basicsize */
    0,                                  /* tp_itemsize */
    test_structmembers_free,            /* destructor tp_dealloc */
    0,                                  /* tp_vectorcall_offset */
    0,                                  /* tp_getattr */
    0,                                  /* tp_setattr */
    0,                                  /* tp_as_async */
    0,                                  /* tp_repr */
    0,                                  /* tp_as_number */
    0,                                  /* tp_as_sequence */
    0,                                  /* tp_as_mapping */
    0,                                  /* tp_hash */
    0,                                  /* tp_call */
    0,                                  /* tp_str */
    PyObject_GenericGetAttr,            /* tp_getattro */
    PyObject_GenericSetAttr,            /* tp_setattro */
    0,                                  /* tp_as_buffer */
    0,                                  /* tp_flags */
    "Type containing all structmember types",
    0,                                  /* traverseproc tp_traverse */
    0,                                  /* tp_clear */
    0,                                  /* tp_richcompare */
    0,                                  /* tp_weaklistoffset */
    0,                                  /* tp_iter */
    0,                                  /* tp_iternext */
    0,                                  /* tp_methods */
    test_members,                       /* tp_members */
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0,
    test_structmembers_new,             /* tp_new */
};


typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD
} matmulObject;

static PyObject *
matmulType_matmul(PyObject *self, PyObject *other)
{
    return Py_BuildValue("(sOO)", "matmul", self, other);
}

static PyObject *
matmulType_imatmul(PyObject *self, PyObject *other)
{
    return Py_BuildValue("(sOO)", "imatmul", self, other);
}

static void
matmulType_dealloc(PyObject *self)
{
    Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free(self);
}

static PyNumberMethods matmulType_as_number = {
    0,                          /* nb_add */
    0,                          /* nb_subtract */
    0,                          /* nb_multiply */
    0,                          /* nb_remainde r*/
    0,                          /* nb_divmod */
    0,                          /* nb_power */
    0,                          /* nb_negative */
    0,                          /* tp_positive */
    0,                          /* tp_absolute */
    0,                          /* tp_bool */
    0,                          /* nb_invert */
    0,                          /* nb_lshift */
    0,                          /* nb_rshift */
    0,                          /* nb_and */
    0,                          /* nb_xor */
    0,                          /* nb_or */
    0,                          /* nb_int */
    0,                          /* nb_reserved */
    0,                          /* nb_float */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_add */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_subtract */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_multiply */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_remainder */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_power */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_lshift */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_rshift */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_and */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_xor */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_or */
    0,                          /* nb_floor_divide */
    0,                          /* nb_true_divide */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_floor_divide */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_true_divide */
    0,                          /* nb_index */
    matmulType_matmul,        /* nb_matrix_multiply */
    matmulType_imatmul        /* nb_matrix_inplace_multiply */
};

static PyTypeObject matmulType = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    "matmulType",
    sizeof(matmulObject),               /* tp_basicsize */
    0,                                  /* tp_itemsize */
    matmulType_dealloc,                 /* destructor tp_dealloc */
    0,                                  /* tp_vectorcall_offset */
    0,                                  /* tp_getattr */
    0,                                  /* tp_setattr */
    0,                                  /* tp_as_async */
    0,                                  /* tp_repr */
    &matmulType_as_number,              /* tp_as_number */
    0,                                  /* tp_as_sequence */
    0,                                  /* tp_as_mapping */
    0,                                  /* tp_hash */
    0,                                  /* tp_call */
    0,                                  /* tp_str */
    PyObject_GenericGetAttr,            /* tp_getattro */
    PyObject_GenericSetAttr,            /* tp_setattro */
    0,                                  /* tp_as_buffer */
    0,                                  /* tp_flags */
    "C level type with matrix operations defined",
    0,                                  /* traverseproc tp_traverse */
    0,                                  /* tp_clear */
    0,                                  /* tp_richcompare */
    0,                                  /* tp_weaklistoffset */
    0,                                  /* tp_iter */
    0,                                  /* tp_iternext */
    0,                                  /* tp_methods */
    0,                                  /* tp_members */
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0,
    PyType_GenericNew,                  /* tp_new */
    PyObject_Del,                       /* tp_free */
};

typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD
} ipowObject;

static PyObject *
ipowType_ipow(PyObject *self, PyObject *other, PyObject *mod)
{
    return Py_BuildValue("OO", other, mod);
}

static PyNumberMethods ipowType_as_number = {
    .nb_inplace_power = ipowType_ipow
};

static PyTypeObject ipowType = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    .tp_name = "ipowType",
    .tp_basicsize = sizeof(ipowObject),
    .tp_as_number = &ipowType_as_number,
    .tp_new = PyType_GenericNew
};

typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD
    PyObject *ao_iterator;
} awaitObject;


static PyObject *
awaitObject_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
    PyObject *v;
    awaitObject *ao;

    if (!PyArg_UnpackTuple(args, "awaitObject", 1, 1, &v))
        return NULL;

    ao = (awaitObject *)type->tp_alloc(type, 0);
    if (ao == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }

    ao->ao_iterator = Py_NewRef(v);

    return (PyObject *)ao;
}


static void
awaitObject_dealloc(awaitObject *ao)
{
    Py_CLEAR(ao->ao_iterator);
    Py_TYPE(ao)->tp_free(ao);
}


static PyObject *
awaitObject_await(awaitObject *ao)
{
    return Py_NewRef(ao->ao_iterator);
}

static PyAsyncMethods awaitType_as_async = {
    (unaryfunc)awaitObject_await,           /* am_await */
    0,                                      /* am_aiter */
    0,                                      /* am_anext */
    0,                                      /* am_send  */
};


static PyTypeObject awaitType = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    "awaitType",
    sizeof(awaitObject),                /* tp_basicsize */
    0,                                  /* tp_itemsize */
    (destructor)awaitObject_dealloc,    /* destructor tp_dealloc */
    0,                                  /* tp_vectorcall_offset */
    0,                                  /* tp_getattr */
    0,                                  /* tp_setattr */
    &awaitType_as_async,                /* tp_as_async */
    0,                                  /* tp_repr */
    0,                                  /* tp_as_number */
    0,                                  /* tp_as_sequence */
    0,                                  /* tp_as_mapping */
    0,                                  /* tp_hash */
    0,                                  /* tp_call */
    0,                                  /* tp_str */
    PyObject_GenericGetAttr,            /* tp_getattro */
    PyObject_GenericSetAttr,            /* tp_setattro */
    0,                                  /* tp_as_buffer */
    0,                                  /* tp_flags */
    "C level type with tp_as_async",
    0,                                  /* traverseproc tp_traverse */
    0,                                  /* tp_clear */
    0,                                  /* tp_richcompare */
    0,                                  /* tp_weaklistoffset */
    0,                                  /* tp_iter */
    0,                                  /* tp_iternext */
    0,                                  /* tp_methods */
    0,                                  /* tp_members */
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0,
    awaitObject_new,                    /* tp_new */
    PyObject_Del,                       /* tp_free */
};


static int recurse_infinitely_error_init(PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *);

static PyTypeObject PyRecursingInfinitelyError_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    "RecursingInfinitelyError",   /* tp_name */
    sizeof(PyBaseExceptionObject), /* tp_basicsize */
    0,                          /* tp_itemsize */
    0,                          /* tp_dealloc */
    0,                          /* tp_vectorcall_offset */
    0,                          /* tp_getattr */
    0,                          /* tp_setattr */
    0,                          /* tp_as_async */
    0,                          /* tp_repr */
    0,                          /* tp_as_number */
    0,                          /* tp_as_sequence */
    0,                          /* tp_as_mapping */
    0,                          /* tp_hash */
    0,                          /* tp_call */
    0,                          /* tp_str */
    0,                          /* tp_getattro */
    0,                          /* tp_setattro */
    0,                          /* tp_as_buffer */
    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE, /* tp_flags */
    PyDoc_STR("Instantiating this exception starts infinite recursion."), /* tp_doc */
    0,                          /* tp_traverse */
    0,                          /* tp_clear */
    0,                          /* tp_richcompare */
    0,                          /* tp_weaklistoffset */
    0,                          /* tp_iter */
    0,                          /* tp_iternext */
    0,                          /* tp_methods */
    0,                          /* tp_members */
    0,                          /* tp_getset */
    0,                          /* tp_base */
    0,                          /* tp_dict */
    0,                          /* tp_descr_get */
    0,                          /* tp_descr_set */
    0,                          /* tp_dictoffset */
    (initproc)recurse_infinitely_error_init, /* tp_init */
    0,                          /* tp_alloc */
    0,                          /* tp_new */
};

static int
recurse_infinitely_error_init(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
    PyObject *type = (PyObject *)&PyRecursingInfinitelyError_Type;

    /* Instantiating this exception starts infinite recursion. */
    Py_INCREF(type);
    PyErr_SetObject(type, NULL);
    return -1;
}


/* Test bpo-35983: create a subclass of "list" which checks that instances
 * are not deallocated twice */

typedef struct {
    PyListObject list;
    int deallocated;
} MyListObject;

static PyObject *
MyList_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
    PyObject* op = PyList_Type.tp_new(type, args, kwds);
    ((MyListObject*)op)->deallocated = 0;
    return op;
}

void
MyList_dealloc(MyListObject* op)
{
    if (op->deallocated) {
        /* We cannot raise exceptions here but we still want the testsuite
         * to fail when we hit this */
        Py_FatalError("MyList instance deallocated twice");
    }
    op->deallocated = 1;
    PyList_Type.tp_dealloc((PyObject *)op);
}

static PyTypeObject MyList_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    "MyList",
    sizeof(MyListObject),
    0,
    (destructor)MyList_dealloc,                 /* tp_dealloc */
    0,                                          /* tp_vectorcall_offset */
    0,                                          /* tp_getattr */
    0,                                          /* tp_setattr */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_async */
    0,                                          /* tp_repr */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_number */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_sequence */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_mapping */
    0,                                          /* tp_hash */
    0,                                          /* tp_call */
    0,                                          /* tp_str */
    0,                                          /* tp_getattro */
    0,                                          /* tp_setattro */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_buffer */
    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,   /* tp_flags */
    0,                                          /* tp_doc */
    0,                                          /* tp_traverse */
    0,                                          /* tp_clear */
    0,                                          /* tp_richcompare */
    0,                                          /* tp_weaklistoffset */
    0,                                          /* tp_iter */
    0,                                          /* tp_iternext */
    0,                                          /* tp_methods */
    0,                                          /* tp_members */
    0,                                          /* tp_getset */
    0,  /* &PyList_Type */                      /* tp_base */
    0,                                          /* tp_dict */
    0,                                          /* tp_descr_get */
    0,                                          /* tp_descr_set */
    0,                                          /* tp_dictoffset */
    0,                                          /* tp_init */
    0,                                          /* tp_alloc */
    MyList_new,                                 /* tp_new */
};


/* Test PEP 560 */

typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD
    PyObject *item;
} PyGenericAliasObject;

static void
generic_alias_dealloc(PyGenericAliasObject *self)
{
    Py_CLEAR(self->item);
    Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject *)self);
}

static PyObject *
generic_alias_mro_entries(PyGenericAliasObject *self, PyObject *bases)
{
    return PyTuple_Pack(1, self->item);
}

static PyMethodDef generic_alias_methods[] = {
    {"__mro_entries__", _PyCFunction_CAST(generic_alias_mro_entries), METH_O, NULL},
    {NULL}  /* sentinel */
};

static PyTypeObject GenericAlias_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    "GenericAlias",
    sizeof(PyGenericAliasObject),
    0,
    .tp_dealloc = (destructor)generic_alias_dealloc,
    .tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,
    .tp_methods = generic_alias_methods,
};

static PyObject *
generic_alias_new(PyObject *item)
{
    PyGenericAliasObject *o = PyObject_New(PyGenericAliasObject, &GenericAlias_Type);
    if (o == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    o->item = Py_NewRef(item);
    return (PyObject*) o;
}

typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD
} PyGenericObject;

static PyObject *
generic_class_getitem(PyObject *type, PyObject *item)
{
    return generic_alias_new(item);
}

static PyMethodDef generic_methods[] = {
    {"__class_getitem__", generic_class_getitem, METH_O|METH_CLASS, NULL},
    {NULL}  /* sentinel */
};

static PyTypeObject Generic_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    "Generic",
    sizeof(PyGenericObject),
    0,
    .tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,
    .tp_methods = generic_methods,
};

static PyMethodDef meth_instance_methods[] = {
    {"meth_varargs", meth_varargs, METH_VARARGS},
    {"meth_varargs_keywords", _PyCFunction_CAST(meth_varargs_keywords), METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS},
    {"meth_o", meth_o, METH_O},
    {"meth_noargs", meth_noargs, METH_NOARGS},
    {"meth_fastcall", _PyCFunction_CAST(meth_fastcall), METH_FASTCALL},
    {"meth_fastcall_keywords", _PyCFunction_CAST(meth_fastcall_keywords), METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS},
    {NULL, NULL} /* sentinel */
};


static PyTypeObject MethInstance_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    "MethInstance",
    sizeof(PyObject),
    .tp_new = PyType_GenericNew,
    .tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,
    .tp_methods = meth_instance_methods,
    .tp_doc = (char*)PyDoc_STR(
        "Class with normal (instance) methods to test calling conventions"),
};

static PyMethodDef meth_class_methods[] = {
    {"meth_varargs", meth_varargs, METH_VARARGS|METH_CLASS},
    {"meth_varargs_keywords", _PyCFunction_CAST(meth_varargs_keywords), METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS|METH_CLASS},
    {"meth_o", meth_o, METH_O|METH_CLASS},
    {"meth_noargs", meth_noargs, METH_NOARGS|METH_CLASS},
    {"meth_fastcall", _PyCFunction_CAST(meth_fastcall), METH_FASTCALL|METH_CLASS},
    {"meth_fastcall_keywords", _PyCFunction_CAST(meth_fastcall_keywords), METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS|METH_CLASS},
    {NULL, NULL} /* sentinel */
};


static PyTypeObject MethClass_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    "MethClass",
    sizeof(PyObject),
    .tp_new = PyType_GenericNew,
    .tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,
    .tp_methods = meth_class_methods,
    .tp_doc = PyDoc_STR(
        "Class with class methods to test calling conventions"),
};

static PyMethodDef meth_static_methods[] = {
    {"meth_varargs", meth_varargs, METH_VARARGS|METH_STATIC},
    {"meth_varargs_keywords", _PyCFunction_CAST(meth_varargs_keywords), METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS|METH_STATIC},
    {"meth_o", meth_o, METH_O|METH_STATIC},
    {"meth_noargs", meth_noargs, METH_NOARGS|METH_STATIC},
    {"meth_fastcall", _PyCFunction_CAST(meth_fastcall), METH_FASTCALL|METH_STATIC},
    {"meth_fastcall_keywords", _PyCFunction_CAST(meth_fastcall_keywords), METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS|METH_STATIC},
    {NULL, NULL} /* sentinel */
};


static PyTypeObject MethStatic_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    "MethStatic",
    sizeof(PyObject),
    .tp_new = PyType_GenericNew,
    .tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,
    .tp_methods = meth_static_methods,
    .tp_doc = PyDoc_STR(
        "Class with static methods to test calling conventions"),
};

/* ContainerNoGC -- a simple container without GC methods */

typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD
    PyObject *value;
} ContainerNoGCobject;

static PyObject *
ContainerNoGC_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
{
    PyObject *value;
    char *names[] = {"value", NULL};
    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs, "O", names, &value)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    PyObject *self = type->tp_alloc(type, 0);
    if (self == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_INCREF(value);
    ((ContainerNoGCobject *)self)->value = value;
    return self;
}

static void
ContainerNoGC_dealloc(ContainerNoGCobject *self)
{
    Py_DECREF(self->value);
    Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject *)self);
}

static PyMemberDef ContainerNoGC_members[] = {
    {"value", T_OBJECT, offsetof(ContainerNoGCobject, value), READONLY,
     PyDoc_STR("a container value for test purposes")},
    {0}
};

static PyTypeObject ContainerNoGC_type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    "_testcapi.ContainerNoGC",
    sizeof(ContainerNoGCobject),
    .tp_dealloc = (destructor)ContainerNoGC_dealloc,
    .tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,
    .tp_members = ContainerNoGC_members,
    .tp_new = ContainerNoGC_new,
};


static struct PyModuleDef _testcapimodule = {
    PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
    "_testcapi",
    NULL,
    -1,
    TestMethods,
    NULL,
    NULL,
    NULL,
    NULL
};

/* Per PEP 489, this module will not be converted to multi-phase initialization
 */

PyMODINIT_FUNC
PyInit__testcapi(void)
{
    PyObject *m;

    m = PyModule_Create(&_testcapimodule);
    if (m == NULL)
        return NULL;

    Py_SET_TYPE(&_HashInheritanceTester_Type, &PyType_Type);

    Py_SET_TYPE(&test_structmembersType, &PyType_Type);
    Py_INCREF(&test_structmembersType);
    /* don't use a name starting with "test", since we don't want
       test_capi to automatically call this */
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "_test_structmembersType", (PyObject *)&test_structmembersType);
    if (PyType_Ready(&matmulType) < 0)
        return NULL;
    Py_INCREF(&matmulType);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "matmulType", (PyObject *)&matmulType);
    if (PyType_Ready(&ipowType) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_INCREF(&ipowType);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "ipowType", (PyObject *)&ipowType);

    if (PyType_Ready(&awaitType) < 0)
        return NULL;
    Py_INCREF(&awaitType);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "awaitType", (PyObject *)&awaitType);

    MyList_Type.tp_base = &PyList_Type;
    if (PyType_Ready(&MyList_Type) < 0)
        return NULL;
    Py_INCREF(&MyList_Type);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "MyList", (PyObject *)&MyList_Type);

    if (PyType_Ready(&GenericAlias_Type) < 0)
        return NULL;
    Py_INCREF(&GenericAlias_Type);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "GenericAlias", (PyObject *)&GenericAlias_Type);

    if (PyType_Ready(&Generic_Type) < 0)
        return NULL;
    Py_INCREF(&Generic_Type);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "Generic", (PyObject *)&Generic_Type);

    if (PyType_Ready(&MethInstance_Type) < 0)
        return NULL;
    Py_INCREF(&MethInstance_Type);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "MethInstance", (PyObject *)&MethInstance_Type);

    if (PyType_Ready(&MethClass_Type) < 0)
        return NULL;
    Py_INCREF(&MethClass_Type);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "MethClass", (PyObject *)&MethClass_Type);

    if (PyType_Ready(&MethStatic_Type) < 0)
        return NULL;
    Py_INCREF(&MethStatic_Type);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "MethStatic", (PyObject *)&MethStatic_Type);

    PyRecursingInfinitelyError_Type.tp_base = (PyTypeObject *)PyExc_Exception;
    if (PyType_Ready(&PyRecursingInfinitelyError_Type) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_INCREF(&PyRecursingInfinitelyError_Type);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "RecursingInfinitelyError",
                       (PyObject *)&PyRecursingInfinitelyError_Type);

    PyModule_AddObject(m, "CHAR_MAX", PyLong_FromLong(CHAR_MAX));
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "CHAR_MIN", PyLong_FromLong(CHAR_MIN));
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "UCHAR_MAX", PyLong_FromLong(UCHAR_MAX));
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "SHRT_MAX", PyLong_FromLong(SHRT_MAX));
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "SHRT_MIN", PyLong_FromLong(SHRT_MIN));
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "USHRT_MAX", PyLong_FromLong(USHRT_MAX));
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "INT_MAX",  PyLong_FromLong(INT_MAX));
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "INT_MIN",  PyLong_FromLong(INT_MIN));
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "UINT_MAX",  PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(UINT_MAX));
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "LONG_MAX", PyLong_FromLong(LONG_MAX));
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "LONG_MIN", PyLong_FromLong(LONG_MIN));
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "ULONG_MAX", PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(ULONG_MAX));
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "FLT_MAX", PyFloat_FromDouble(FLT_MAX));
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "FLT_MIN", PyFloat_FromDouble(FLT_MIN));
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "DBL_MAX", PyFloat_FromDouble(DBL_MAX));
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "DBL_MIN", PyFloat_FromDouble(DBL_MIN));
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "LLONG_MAX", PyLong_FromLongLong(LLONG_MAX));
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "LLONG_MIN", PyLong_FromLongLong(LLONG_MIN));
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "ULLONG_MAX", PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(ULLONG_MAX));
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "PY_SSIZE_T_MAX", PyLong_FromSsize_t(PY_SSIZE_T_MAX));
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "PY_SSIZE_T_MIN", PyLong_FromSsize_t(PY_SSIZE_T_MIN));
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "SIZEOF_TIME_T", PyLong_FromSsize_t(sizeof(time_t)));
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "Py_Version", PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(Py_Version));
    Py_INCREF(&PyInstanceMethod_Type);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "instancemethod", (PyObject *)&PyInstanceMethod_Type);

    PyModule_AddIntConstant(m, "the_number_three", 3);

    TestError = PyErr_NewException("_testcapi.error", NULL, NULL);
    Py_INCREF(TestError);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "error", TestError);

    if (PyType_Ready(&ContainerNoGC_type) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_INCREF(&ContainerNoGC_type);
    if (PyModule_AddObject(m, "ContainerNoGC",
                           (PyObject *) &ContainerNoGC_type) < 0)
        return NULL;

    /* Include tests from the _testcapi/ directory */
    if (_PyTestCapi_Init_Vectorcall(m) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (_PyTestCapi_Init_Heaptype(m) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (_PyTestCapi_Init_Unicode(m) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (_PyTestCapi_Init_GetArgs(m) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (_PyTestCapi_Init_PyTime(m) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (_PyTestCapi_Init_DateTime(m) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (_PyTestCapi_Init_Docstring(m) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (_PyTestCapi_Init_Mem(m) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }

#ifndef LIMITED_API_AVAILABLE
    PyModule_AddObjectRef(m, "LIMITED_API_AVAILABLE", Py_False);
#else
    PyModule_AddObjectRef(m, "LIMITED_API_AVAILABLE", Py_True);
    if (_PyTestCapi_Init_VectorcallLimited(m) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
#endif

    PyState_AddModule(m, &_testcapimodule);
    return m;
}

/* Test the C API exposed when PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN is not defined */

#undef Py_BuildValue
PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) Py_BuildValue(const char *, ...);

static PyObject *
test_buildvalue_issue38913(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    PyObject *res;
    const char str[] = "string";
    const Py_UNICODE unicode[] = L"unicode";
    assert(!PyErr_Occurred());

    res = Py_BuildValue("(s#O)", str, 1, Py_None);
    assert(res == NULL);
    if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_SystemError)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    PyErr_Clear();

    res = Py_BuildValue("(z#O)", str, 1, Py_None);
    assert(res == NULL);
    if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_SystemError)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    PyErr_Clear();

    res = Py_BuildValue("(y#O)", str, 1, Py_None);
    assert(res == NULL);
    if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_SystemError)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    PyErr_Clear();

    res = Py_BuildValue("(u#O)", unicode, 1, Py_None);
    assert(res == NULL);
    if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_SystemError)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    PyErr_Clear();

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}