diff --git a/crates/oxc_data_structures/Cargo.toml b/crates/oxc_data_structures/Cargo.toml
index a4b7d3fe128e7..eaa09e5436ecc 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_data_structures/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/oxc_data_structures/Cargo.toml
@@ -26,9 +26,10 @@ ropey = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 
 [features]
 default = []
-all = ["assert_unchecked", "code_buffer", "inline_string", "rope", "stack"]
+all = ["assert_unchecked", "code_buffer", "inline_string", "nonmax", "rope", "stack"]
 assert_unchecked = []
 code_buffer = ["assert_unchecked"]
 inline_string = []
+nonmax = ["assert_unchecked"]
 rope = ["dep:ropey"]
 stack = ["assert_unchecked"]
diff --git a/crates/oxc_data_structures/src/lib.rs b/crates/oxc_data_structures/src/lib.rs
index 76309e61864db..198a1522a87f2 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_data_structures/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_data_structures/src/lib.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@ pub mod code_buffer;
 #[cfg(feature = "inline_string")]
 pub mod inline_string;
 
+#[cfg(feature = "nonmax")]
+pub mod nonmax;
+
 #[cfg(feature = "rope")]
 pub mod rope;
 
diff --git a/crates/oxc_data_structures/src/nonmax/mod.rs b/crates/oxc_data_structures/src/nonmax/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c9ffbb75fe859
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/oxc_data_structures/src/nonmax/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+//! [`NonZeroU32`] equivalent, except with the illegal value at the top of the range (`u32::MAX`).
+//!
+//! [`NonMaxU32`] can represent any number from 0 to `u32::MAX - 1` inclusive.
+//!
+//! `NonMaxU32` has a niche, so `Option<NonMaxU32>` is 4 bytes.
+//!
+//! On *nix, Mac, and WASI, this type is completely zero cost.
+//!
+//! On Windows, we wrap a `NonZeroU32` and XOR it with `u32::MAX` during conversion to/from `u32`,
+//! same as `nonmax` crate does. This does have a (small) cost.
+//!
+//! # Hashing
+//! Note that the Unix and Windows versions will produce different hashes from each other.
+//!
+//! [`NonZeroU32`]: std::num::NonZeroU32
+
+// Version for *nix, Mac and WASI.
+// `os::fd` is only available on these platforms.
+// https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/75530e9f72a1990ed2305e16fd51d02f47048f12/library/std/src/os/mod.rs#L185-L186
+#[cfg(any(unix, target_os = "hermit", target_os = "wasi"))]
+mod unix;
+#[cfg(any(unix, target_os = "hermit", target_os = "wasi"))]
+pub use unix::NonMaxU32;
+
+// Version for other platforms (primarily Windows)
+#[cfg(not(any(unix, target_os = "hermit", target_os = "wasi")))]
+mod windows;
+#[cfg(not(any(unix, target_os = "hermit", target_os = "wasi")))]
+pub use windows::NonMaxU32;
+
+// Implementations which are shared between both versions
+mod shared;
+pub use shared::TryFromU32Error;
+
+// Tests
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test;
diff --git a/crates/oxc_data_structures/src/nonmax/shared.rs b/crates/oxc_data_structures/src/nonmax/shared.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..55513ab2baf4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/oxc_data_structures/src/nonmax/shared.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// All methods are either zero cost, very cheap, or delegate, so marked `#[inline(always)]`
+#![expect(clippy::inline_always)]
+
+use std::{
+    convert::TryFrom,
+    error::Error,
+    fmt::{self, Display},
+};
+
+use super::NonMaxU32;
+
+impl NonMaxU32 {
+    /// [`NonMaxU32`] with the value zero (0).
+    pub const ZERO: Self = {
+        // SAFETY: 0 is a valid value
+        unsafe { Self::new_unchecked(0) }
+    };
+
+    /// [`NonMaxU32`] with the maximum value zero (`u32::MAX - 1`).
+    pub const MAX: Self = {
+        // SAFETY: `u32::MAX - 1` is a valid value
+        unsafe { Self::new_unchecked(u32::MAX - 1) }
+    };
+}
+
+impl Default for NonMaxU32 {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::ZERO
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<NonMaxU32> for u32 {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn from(value: NonMaxU32) -> u32 {
+        value.get()
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<u32> for NonMaxU32 {
+    type Error = TryFromU32Error;
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn try_from(n: u32) -> Result<Self, TryFromU32Error> {
+        // Note: Conversion from `Option` to `Result` here is zero-cost
+        Self::new(n).ok_or(TryFromU32Error(()))
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! impl_fmt {
+    ($Trait:ident) => {
+        impl fmt::$Trait for NonMaxU32 {
+            #[inline(always)]
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+                fmt::$Trait::fmt(&self.get(), f)
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+impl_fmt!(Debug);
+impl_fmt!(Display);
+impl_fmt!(Binary);
+impl_fmt!(Octal);
+impl_fmt!(LowerHex);
+impl_fmt!(UpperHex);
+
+/// Error type for failed conversion from [`u32`] to [`NonMaxU32`].
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub struct TryFromU32Error(());
+
+impl Error for TryFromU32Error {}
+
+impl Display for TryFromU32Error {
+    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        "Out of range conversion to `NonMaxU32` attempted".fmt(fmt)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/oxc_data_structures/src/nonmax/test.rs b/crates/oxc_data_structures/src/nonmax/test.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..556d005d20f76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/oxc_data_structures/src/nonmax/test.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+use super::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn construct() {
+    let zero = NonMaxU32::new(0).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(zero.get(), 0);
+
+    let some = NonMaxU32::new(19).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(some.get(), 19);
+
+    let max_minus_one = NonMaxU32::new(u32::MAX - 1).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(max_minus_one.get(), u32::MAX - 1);
+
+    let max = NonMaxU32::new(u32::MAX);
+    assert_eq!(max, None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn construct_unchecked() {
+    // SAFETY: 0 is a valid value
+    let zero = unsafe { NonMaxU32::new_unchecked(0) };
+    assert_eq!(zero.get(), 0);
+
+    // SAFETY: 19 is a valid value
+    let some = unsafe { NonMaxU32::new_unchecked(19) };
+    assert_eq!(some.get(), 19);
+
+    // SAFETY: `u32::MAX - 1` is a valid value
+    let max_minus_one = unsafe { NonMaxU32::new_unchecked(u32::MAX - 1) };
+    assert_eq!(max_minus_one.get(), u32::MAX - 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn convert() {
+    let zero = NonMaxU32::try_from(0u32).unwrap();
+    let zero = u32::from(zero);
+    assert_eq!(zero, 0);
+
+    NonMaxU32::try_from(u32::MAX).unwrap_err();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn eq() {
+    let zero = NonMaxU32::new(0).unwrap();
+    let one = NonMaxU32::new(1).unwrap();
+    let two = NonMaxU32::new(2).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(zero, zero);
+    assert_eq!(one, one);
+    assert_eq!(two, two);
+
+    assert_ne!(zero, one);
+    assert_ne!(zero, two);
+    assert_ne!(one, two);
+    assert_ne!(one, zero);
+    assert_ne!(two, zero);
+    assert_ne!(two, one);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn cmp() {
+    let zero = NonMaxU32::new(0).unwrap();
+    let one = NonMaxU32::new(1).unwrap();
+    let two = NonMaxU32::new(2).unwrap();
+    assert!(zero < one);
+    assert!(one < two);
+    assert!(two > one);
+    assert!(one > zero);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn constants() {
+    let zero = NonMaxU32::ZERO;
+    let max = NonMaxU32::MAX;
+    assert_eq!(zero.get(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(max.get(), u32::MAX - 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn fmt() {
+    let zero = NonMaxU32::new(0).unwrap();
+    let some = NonMaxU32::new(19).unwrap();
+    let max_minus_one = NonMaxU32::new(u32::MAX - 1).unwrap();
+    for value in [zero, some, max_minus_one].iter().copied() {
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", value.get()), format!("{}", value)); // Display
+        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", value.get()), format!("{:?}", value)); // Debug
+        assert_eq!(format!("{:b}", value.get()), format!("{:b}", value)); // Binary
+        assert_eq!(format!("{:o}", value.get()), format!("{:o}", value)); // Octal
+        assert_eq!(format!("{:x}", value.get()), format!("{:x}", value)); // LowerHex
+        assert_eq!(format!("{:X}", value.get()), format!("{:X}", value)); // UpperHex
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/oxc_data_structures/src/nonmax/unix.rs b/crates/oxc_data_structures/src/nonmax/unix.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..04bbdebb40dd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/oxc_data_structures/src/nonmax/unix.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+// Conversion methods are zero cost, and other methods just delegate, so marked `#[inline(always)]`
+#![expect(clippy::inline_always)]
+
+use crate::assert_unchecked;
+
+// # Implementation details
+//
+// `std::os::fd::BorrowedFd` is a wrapper around `std::os::fd::RawFd`, and is `#[repr(transparent)]`.
+// `RawFd` is a type alias for `i32`. `i32` has same layout as `u32`.
+// Therefore `BorrowedFd` has the same layout as `u32`.
+// `NonZeroU32` is `#[repr(transparent)]`, and `ManuallyDrop` is also `#[repr(transparent)]`.
+// Therefore `NonMaxU32` has same layout as `u32`.
+//
+// The feature that `BorrowedFd` brings is that it has a
+// `#[rustc_layout_scalar_valid_range_end(0xFF_FF_FF_FE)]` attribute,
+// meaning `u32::MAX` is an invalid bit pattern for the type. This invalid bit pattern forms a niche.
+// <https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/os/fd/struct.BorrowedFd.html>
+//
+// `BorrowedFd` and `OwnedFd` are the only public stable types in the standard library which exhibit
+// this property. `OwnedFd` is not `Copy`, so we use `BorrowedFd`.
+// We never use the `BorrowedFd` as an actual file descriptor, only utilize it for its layout.
+//
+// `BorrowedFd` is not `Drop`, but we wrap it in `ManuallyDrop` anyway, just to make sure.
+//
+// Because of the niche, `Option<NonMaxU32>` is 4 bytes.
+//
+// Unlike the `NonMaxU32` type from `nonmax` crate, this type has zero cost converting to and from `u32`.
+// https://godbolt.org/z/cGaqhcco4
+//
+// `BorrowedFd` is only available on Unix-like platforms.
+// We substitute a less efficient version on Windows, which does have a (small) conversion cost.
+
+use std::{
+    cmp::Ordering,
+    hash::{Hash, Hasher},
+    mem::{ManuallyDrop, transmute},
+    os::fd::BorrowedFd,
+};
+
+/// [`NonZeroU32`] equivalent, except with the illegal value at the top of the range (`u32::MAX`).
+///
+/// [`NonMaxU32`] can represent any number from 0 to `u32::MAX - 1` inclusive.
+///
+/// `NonMaxU32` has a niche, so `Option<NonMaxU32>` is 4 bytes.
+///
+/// [`NonZeroU32`]: std::num::NonZeroU32
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct NonMaxU32(ManuallyDrop<BorrowedFd<'static>>);
+
+impl NonMaxU32 {
+    /// Create [`NonMaxU32`] from [`u32`].
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if `n` is `u32::MAX`.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub const fn new(n: u32) -> Option<Self> {
+        if n < u32::MAX {
+            // SAFETY: We just checked `n < u32::MAX`
+            Some(unsafe { Self::new_unchecked(n) })
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create [`NonMaxU32`] from [`u32`], without checks.
+    ///
+    /// # SAFETY
+    /// `n` must not be `u32::MAX`.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub const unsafe fn new_unchecked(n: u32) -> Self {
+        // SAFETY: Caller guarantees `n` is not `u32::MAX`.
+        // See implementation details comment above.
+        unsafe { transmute::<u32, Self>(n) }
+    }
+
+    /// Convert [`NonMaxU32`] to [`u32`].
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub const fn get(self) -> u32 {
+        // SAFETY: See implementation details comment above
+        let n = unsafe { transmute::<Self, u32>(self) };
+
+        // Make sure compiler understands return value cannot be `u32::MAX`.
+        // This may aid it to make optimizations in some cases.
+        // SAFETY: `NonMaxU32` cannot represent `u32::MAX`.
+        unsafe { assert_unchecked!(n < u32::MAX) };
+
+        n
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for NonMaxU32 {}
+
+impl PartialEq for NonMaxU32 {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.get() == other.get()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ord for NonMaxU32 {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
+        self.get().cmp(&other.get())
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialOrd for NonMaxU32 {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        Some(self.cmp(other))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Hash for NonMaxU32 {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        self.get().hash(state);
+    }
+}
+
+const _: () = {
+    assert!(size_of::<BorrowedFd>() == 4);
+    assert!(align_of::<BorrowedFd>() == 4);
+    assert!(size_of::<NonMaxU32>() == 4);
+    assert!(align_of::<NonMaxU32>() == 4);
+    assert!(size_of::<u32>() == 4);
+    assert!(align_of::<u32>() == 4);
+    assert!(size_of::<Option<NonMaxU32>>() == 4);
+    assert!(size_of::<Option<Option<NonMaxU32>>>() == 8);
+};
diff --git a/crates/oxc_data_structures/src/nonmax/windows.rs b/crates/oxc_data_structures/src/nonmax/windows.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..b8b72797e9fbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/oxc_data_structures/src/nonmax/windows.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// All methods are very cheap, so marked `#[inline(always)]`
+#![expect(clippy::inline_always)]
+
+use std::{cmp::Ordering, num::NonZeroU32};
+
+/// [`NonZeroU32`] equivalent, except with the illegal value at the top of the range (`u32::MAX`).
+///
+/// [`NonMaxU32`] can represent any number from 0 to `u32::MAX - 1` inclusive.
+///
+/// `NonMaxU32` has a niche, so `Option<NonMaxU32>` is 4 bytes.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct NonMaxU32(NonZeroU32);
+
+impl NonMaxU32 {
+    /// Create [`NonMaxU32`] from [`u32`].
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if `n` is `u32::MAX`.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub const fn new(n: u32) -> Option<Self> {
+        match NonZeroU32::new(n ^ u32::MAX) {
+            Some(non_zero) => Some(Self(non_zero)),
+            None => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create [`NonMaxU32`] from [`u32`], without checks.
+    ///
+    /// # SAFETY
+    /// `n` must not be `u32::MAX`.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub const unsafe fn new_unchecked(n: u32) -> Self {
+        // SAFETY: Caller guarantees `n` is not `u32::MAX`.
+        let non_zero = unsafe { NonZeroU32::new_unchecked(n ^ u32::MAX) };
+        Self(non_zero)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert [`NonMaxU32`] to [`u32`].
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub const fn get(self) -> u32 {
+        self.0.get() ^ u32::MAX
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ord for NonMaxU32 {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
+        self.0.cmp(&other.0).reverse()
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialOrd for NonMaxU32 {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        Some(self.cmp(other))
+    }
+}
+
+const _: () = {
+    assert!(size_of::<NonMaxU32>() == 4);
+    assert!(align_of::<NonMaxU32>() == 4);
+    assert!(size_of::<u32>() == 4);
+    assert!(align_of::<u32>() == 4);
+    assert!(size_of::<Option<NonMaxU32>>() == 4);
+    assert!(size_of::<Option<Option<NonMaxU32>>>() == 8);
+};