fix: Try to move constant terms to one side for arithmetic generics (#6008)

# Description

## Problem\*

Resolves #6006

## Summary\*

Previously we were failing for constraints like `a + 3 = b + 1` when we
could instead move the constant terms to one side: `a + 2 = b` then
solve with `b := a + 2`.

## Additional Context

## Documentation\*

Check one:
- [x] No documentation needed.
- [ ] Documentation included in this PR.
- [ ] **[For Experimental Features]** Documentation to be submitted in a
separate PR.

# PR Checklist\*

- [x] I have tested the changes locally.
- [x] I have formatted the changes with [Prettier](https://prettier.io/)
and/or `cargo fmt` on default settings.

Author: jfecher

compiler/noirc_frontend/src/hir_def/types.rs

@@ -1630,8 +1630,18 @@ impl Type {
 
             (InfixExpr(lhs_a, op_a, rhs_a), InfixExpr(lhs_b, op_b, rhs_b)) => {
                 if op_a == op_b {
-                    lhs_a.try_unify(lhs_b, bindings)?;
-                    rhs_a.try_unify(rhs_b, bindings)
+                    // We need to preserve the original bindings since if syntactic equality
+                    // fails we fall back to other equality strategies.
+                    let mut new_bindings = bindings.clone();
+                    let lhs_result = lhs_a.try_unify(lhs_b, &mut new_bindings);
+                    let rhs_result = rhs_a.try_unify(rhs_b, &mut new_bindings);
+
+                    if lhs_result.is_ok() && rhs_result.is_ok() {
+                        *bindings = new_bindings;
+                        Ok(())
+                    } else {
+                        lhs.try_unify_by_moving_constant_terms(&rhs, bindings)
+                    }
                 } else {
                     Err(UnificationError)
                 }

compiler/noirc_frontend/src/hir_def/types/arithmetic.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-use crate::{BinaryTypeOperator, Type};
+use crate::{BinaryTypeOperator, Type, TypeBindings, UnificationError};
 
 impl Type {
     /// Try to canonicalize the representation of this type.
@@ -212,4 +212,44 @@ impl Type {
             _ => None,
         }
     }
+
+    /// Try to unify equations like `(..) + 3 = (..) + 1`
+    /// by transforming them to `(..) + 2 =  (..)`
+    pub(super) fn try_unify_by_moving_constant_terms(
+        &self,
+        other: &Type,
+        bindings: &mut TypeBindings,
+    ) -> Result<(), UnificationError> {
+        if let Type::InfixExpr(lhs_a, op_a, rhs_a) = self {
+            if let Some(inverse) = op_a.inverse() {
+                if let Some(rhs_a) = rhs_a.evaluate_to_u32() {
+                    let rhs_a = Box::new(Type::Constant(rhs_a));
+                    let new_other = Type::InfixExpr(Box::new(other.clone()), inverse, rhs_a);
+
+                    let mut tmp_bindings = bindings.clone();
+                    if lhs_a.try_unify(&new_other, &mut tmp_bindings).is_ok() {
+                        *bindings = tmp_bindings;
+                        return Ok(());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Type::InfixExpr(lhs_b, op_b, rhs_b) = other {
+            if let Some(inverse) = op_b.inverse() {
+                if let Some(rhs_b) = rhs_b.evaluate_to_u32() {
+                    let rhs_b = Box::new(Type::Constant(rhs_b));
+                    let new_self = Type::InfixExpr(Box::new(self.clone()), inverse, rhs_b);
+
+                    let mut tmp_bindings = bindings.clone();
+                    if new_self.try_unify(lhs_b, &mut tmp_bindings).is_ok() {
+                        *bindings = tmp_bindings;
+                        return Ok(());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Err(UnificationError)
+    }
 }

test_programs/compile_success_empty/arithmetic_generics_move_constant_terms/Nargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+[package]
+name = "arithmetic_generics_move_constant_terms"
+type = "bin"
+authors = [""]
+compiler_version = ">=0.33.0"
+
+[dependencies]

test_programs/compile_success_empty/arithmetic_generics_move_constant_terms/src/main.nr

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+trait FromCallData<let N: u32, let M: u32> {
+    fn from_calldata(calldata: [Field; N]) -> (Self, [Field; M]);
+}
+
+struct Point { x: Field, y: Field }
+
+impl <let N: u32> FromCallData<N, N - 1> for Field {
+    fn from_calldata(calldata: [Field; N]) -> (Self, [Field; (N - 1)]) {
+        let slice = calldata.as_slice();
+        let (value, slice) = slice.pop_front();
+        (value, slice.as_array())
+    }
+}
+
+impl <let N: u32> FromCallData<N, N - 2> for Point {
+    fn from_calldata(calldata: [Field; N]) -> (Self, [Field; (N - 2)]) {
+        let (x, calldata) = FromCallData::from_calldata(calldata);
+        let (y, calldata) = FromCallData::from_calldata(calldata);
+        (Self { x, y }, calldata)
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let calldata = [1, 2];
+    let _: (Point, _) = FromCallData::from_calldata(calldata);
+}