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+# MSC4259: Profile Update EDUs for Federation
+
+Currently, homeservers must individually request profiles via
+[`/_matrix/federation/v1/query/profile`](https://spec.matrix.org/v1.13/server-server-api/#get_matrixfederationv1queryprofile)
+when they need to display user information.
+
+This can lead to significant inefficiencies in Matrix federation, as servers must make separate
+requests for each profile they need, cannot efficiently detect when profiles change, and thus risk
+serving stale data to their users. The problem becomes more acute as servers cache profile data to
+reduce federation traffic, requiring a careful balance between cache duration and data freshness.
+
+This issue has always existed to some degree, but has gained urgency to accommodate profile changes
+introduced in [MSC4133](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4133).
+
+This proposal specifically focuses on efficient delivery of profile updates between servers. While
+client delivery of profile updates is also important, that solution is to be addressed separately,
+such as through a sliding sync extension like
+[MSC4262](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4262).
+
+## Proposal
+
+The current approach to federation profile lookups has several issues:
+
+- Inefficient use of network resources when requesting multiple profiles
+- Increased latency when displaying user information
+- Difficulty in maintaining accurate (non-stale) cached copies of remote profiles
+- No standardised way to efficiently detect when profiles have been updated
+
+This MSC adds a new `m.profile` EDU type that servers generate when users update their profiles,
+allowing real-time notifications of profile changes between servers.
+
+### Behaviour
+
+1. When a user updates their profile via client-server APIs, their homeserver:
+   - Processes and stores the profile update as per normal
+   - MAY generate EDUs to notify other servers
+   - If sending EDUs, SHOULD only send them to servers that share a room with the user,
+     filtering/ratelimiting/de-duplicating the broadcasts as needed to meet their own policies
+
+2. Remote servers receiving the EDU:
+   - MAY use these EDUs to update cached profile data, and thus hold onto cached profiles for longer
+   - COULD ignore the EDU if they are not interested in updates for this user
+
+3. EDU handling:
+   - Servers MAY cache profile data from EDUs to reduce future federation traffic
+   - Profile information is considered public, so servers MAY broadcast to any known server
+   - Servers MUST NOT forward EDUs to other servers
+
+### EDU Format
+
+```json5
+{
+    "type": "m.profile",
+    "content": {
+        "user_id": "@alice:example.com",
+        "fields": {
+            "displayname": "Alice",
+            "avatar_url": null,  // Signals removal of avatar_url
+            "org.example.language": "en-GB"
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+The EDU contains only fields that have changed. Fields set to `null` should be considered removed.
+Omitted fields should be considered unchanged. Recipients can fetch the full profile using the
+existing federation API if they need to verify the complete state.
+
+### Implementation Notes
+
+- All profile field values follow the same validation rules as the existing profile endpoints
+
+- Servers should implement appropriate rate limiting for EDU generation/sending, and MAY delay
+  notifications to de-duplicate/combine multiple field updates into a single EDU
+
+- While this EDU system reduces the need for manual profile requests, implementations should note:
+  - Remote servers may not support or send these EDUs
+  - EDUs can occasionally fail to be delivered
+  - Both servers and clients COULD implement periodic re-fetching of profiles (e.g. weekly or
+    monthly) if they require stronger consistency guarantees
+  - The frequency of such re-fetching should be balanced against available resources, network
+    conditions, and desired data freshness
+
+- Profile updates are typically much less frequent than other EDU types like presence updates,
+  so broadcasting these small delta updates to servers sharing rooms with the user is considered
+  efficient and scalable. Receiving servers can quickly filter unwanted updates with minimal
+  processing overhead.
+
+## Security Considerations
+
+1. EDUs follow standard federation authentication rules
+
+2. Profile information is considered public data in Matrix
+
+3. Rate limiting helps prevent abuse
+
+## Alternatives
+
+1. Pull-based sync API
+   - Could be more efficient for small servers that want to sync on their own schedule
+   - Allows servers to batch multiple profile requests
+   - However, doesn't scale well to servers with thousands of users
+   - Complex to maintain filter lists of which users each server wants updates for
+   - Higher latency for profile updates compared to EDU-based approach
+
+2. Webhook-style push notifications for profile changes
+   - No precedent for this in the current Matrix specification
+   - Similar scaling issues to pull-based approach regarding filter lists
+   - Would require new federation endpoints and authentication mechanisms
+
+## Unstable Prefix
+
+Until this proposal is stable, use:
+
+- EDU type: `uk.tcpip.msc4259.profile`