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Author: kzrnm

src/libraries/System.Runtime.Numerics/src/System/Numerics/BigInteger.cs

@@ -3247,11 +3247,17 @@ public static BigInteger RotateLeft(BigInteger value, int rotateAmount)
             {
                 bits = new ReadOnlySpan<uint>(in smallBits);
             }
-            int xl = bits.Length;
 
-            if (negx && bits[^1] >= kuMaskHighBit
-                && !(bits.IndexOfAnyExcept(0u) == bits.Length - 1 && bits[^1] == kuMaskHighBit))
+            int xl = bits.Length;
+            if (negx && (bits[^1] >= kuMaskHighBit) && ((bits[^1] != kuMaskHighBit) || bits.IndexOfAnyExcept(0u) != (bits.Length - 1)))
+            {
+                // We check for a special case where its sign bit could be outside the uint array after 2's complement conversion.
+                // For example given [0xFFFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFFFF], its 2's complement is [0x01, 0x00, 0x00]
+                // After a 32 bit right shift, it becomes [0x00, 0x00] which is [0x00, 0x00] when converted back.
+                // The expected result is [0x00, 0x00, 0xFFFFFFFF] (2's complement) or [0x00, 0x00, 0x01] when converted back
+                // If the 2's component's last element is a 0, we will track the sign externally
                 ++xl;
+            }
 
             int byteCount = xl * 4;
 
@@ -3396,11 +3402,17 @@ public static BigInteger RotateRight(BigInteger value, int rotateAmount)
             {
                 bits = new ReadOnlySpan<uint>(in smallBits);
             }
-            int xl = bits.Length;
 
-            if (negx && bits[^1] >= kuMaskHighBit
-                && !(bits.IndexOfAnyExcept(0u) == bits.Length - 1 && bits[^1] == kuMaskHighBit))
+            int xl = bits.Length;
+            if (negx && (bits[^1] >= kuMaskHighBit) && ((bits[^1] != kuMaskHighBit) || bits.IndexOfAnyExcept(0u) != (bits.Length - 1)))
+            {
+                // We check for a special case where its sign bit could be outside the uint array after 2's complement conversion.
+                // For example given [0xFFFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFFFF], its 2's complement is [0x01, 0x00, 0x00]
+                // After a 32 bit right shift, it becomes [0x00, 0x00] which is [0x00, 0x00] when converted back.
+                // The expected result is [0x00, 0x00, 0xFFFFFFFF] (2's complement) or [0x00, 0x00, 0x01] when converted back
+                // If the 2's component's last element is a 0, we will track the sign externally
                 ++xl;
+            }
 
             int byteCount = xl * 4;
 
@@ -3489,11 +3501,11 @@ public static BigInteger RotateRight(BigInteger value, int rotateAmount)
                     dstIndex--;
                     srcIndex--;
                 }
-                while ((uint)srcIndex < (uint)xd.Length);
+                while ((uint)srcIndex < (uint)xd.Length); // is equivalent to (srcIndex >= 0 && srcIndex < xd.Length)
 
                 srcIndex = xd.Length - 1;
 
-                while ((uint)dstIndex < (uint)zd.Length)
+                while ((uint)dstIndex < (uint)zd.Length) // is equivalent to (dstIndex >= 0 && dstIndex < zd.Length)
                 {
                     uint part = xd[srcIndex];