fix(ext/node): segfault on calling StatementSync methods after connection has closed (#31331)

Previously, running this code causes segfault:

```ts
import { DatabaseSync } from "node:sqlite";
const db = new DatabaseSync(':memory:');
const stmt = db.prepare('SELECT 1 AS value');
db.close();
stmt.get(); // segmentation fault (core dumped)
```

Changes in this PR also allows the
https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/v24.2.0/test/parallel/test-sqlite-statement-sync-columns.js
test to pass.

Author: Tango992

ext/node/ops/sqlite/database.rs

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ use super::Session;
 use super::SqliteError;
 use super::StatementSync;
 use super::session::SessionOptions;
+use super::statement::InnerStatementPtr;
 use super::statement::check_error_code2;
 use super::validators;
 
@@ -230,7 +231,7 @@ impl<'a> ApplyChangesetOptions<'a> {
 
 pub struct DatabaseSync {
   pub conn: Rc<RefCell<Option<rusqlite::Connection>>>,
-  statements: Rc<RefCell<Vec<*mut libsqlite3_sys::sqlite3_stmt>>>,
+  statements: Rc<RefCell<Vec<InnerStatementPtr>>>,
   options: DatabaseSyncOptions,
   location: String,
 }
@@ -491,12 +492,16 @@ impl DatabaseSync {
 
     // Finalize all prepared statements
     for stmt in self.statements.borrow_mut().drain(..) {
-      if !stmt.is_null() {
-        // SAFETY: `stmt` is a valid statement handle.
-        unsafe {
-          libsqlite3_sys::sqlite3_finalize(stmt);
+      match stmt.get() {
+        None => continue,
+        Some(ptr) => {
+          // SAFETY: `ptr` is a valid statement handle.
+          unsafe {
+            libsqlite3_sys::sqlite3_finalize(ptr);
+          };
+          stmt.set(None);
         }
-      }
+      };
     }
 
     let _ = self.conn.borrow_mut().take();
@@ -561,10 +566,11 @@ impl DatabaseSync {
       return Err(SqliteError::PrepareFailed);
     }
 
-    self.statements.borrow_mut().push(raw_stmt);
+    let stmt_cell = Rc::new(Cell::new(Some(raw_stmt)));
+    self.statements.borrow_mut().push(stmt_cell.clone());
 
     Ok(StatementSync {
-      inner: raw_stmt,
+      inner: stmt_cell,
       db: Rc::downgrade(&self.conn),
       statements: Rc::clone(&self.statements),
       use_big_ints: Cell::new(false),

ext/node/ops/sqlite/mod.rs

@@ -123,6 +123,10 @@ pub enum SqliteError {
   #[error(transparent)]
   #[property("code" = self.code())]
   Validation(#[from] validators::Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
+  #[error("statement has been finalized")]
+  #[property("code" = self.code())]
+  StatementFinalized,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -181,7 +185,8 @@ impl SqliteError {
       | Self::DuplicateNamedParameter(..)
       | Self::AlreadyClosed
       | Self::InUse
-      | Self::AlreadyOpen => ErrorCode::ERR_INVALID_STATE,
+      | Self::AlreadyOpen
+      | Self::StatementFinalized => ErrorCode::ERR_INVALID_STATE,
       Self::NumberTooLarge(_, _) => ErrorCode::ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE,
       Self::LoadExensionFailed(_) => ErrorCode::ERR_LOAD_SQLITE_EXTENSION,
       _ => ErrorCode::ERR_SQLITE_ERROR,