[SPARK-46393][SQL] Classify exceptions in the JDBC table catalog

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?
In the PR, I propose to handle exceptions from JDBC drivers in the JDBC table catalog, classify them and converted to appropriate Spark exception w/ an error class. This PR covers the following functions where such errors haven't been classified yet:
- list tables
- namespace exists
- list namespaces

### Why are the changes needed?
To unify Spark exceptions, and migrate onto new error framework.

### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?
Yes, if user code expects that Spark SQL bypass Java exceptions from JDBC drivers.

### How was this patch tested?
By existing test suites:
```
$ build/sbt "test:testOnly *JDBCV2Suite"
$ build/sbt "test:testOnly *JDBCTableCatalogSuite"
```

### Was this patch authored or co-authored using generative AI tooling?
No.

Closes #44335 from MaxGekk/classifyException-JDBCTableCatalog.

Authored-by: Max Gekk <max.gekk@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Max Gekk <max.gekk@gmail.com>

Author: MaxGekk

sql/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/datasources/v2/jdbc/JDBCTableCatalog.scala

@@ -65,8 +65,10 @@ class JDBCTableCatalog extends TableCatalog
     checkNamespace(namespace)
     JdbcUtils.withConnection(options) { conn =>
       val schemaPattern = if (namespace.length == 1) namespace.head else null
-      val rs = conn.getMetaData
-        .getTables(null, schemaPattern, "%", Array("TABLE"))
+      val rs = JdbcUtils.classifyException(
+        s"Failed get tables from: ${namespace.mkString(".")}", dialect) {
+        conn.getMetaData.getTables(null, schemaPattern, "%", Array("TABLE"))
+      }
       new Iterator[Identifier] {
         def hasNext = rs.next()
         def next() = Identifier.of(namespace, rs.getString("TABLE_NAME"))
@@ -179,14 +181,18 @@ class JDBCTableCatalog extends TableCatalog
   override def namespaceExists(namespace: Array[String]): Boolean = namespace match {
     case Array(db) =>
       JdbcUtils.withConnection(options) { conn =>
-        JdbcUtils.schemaExists(conn, options, db)
+        JdbcUtils.classifyException(s"Failed namespace exists: ${namespace.mkString}", dialect) {
+          JdbcUtils.schemaExists(conn, options, db)
+        }
       }
     case _ => false
   }
 
   override def listNamespaces(): Array[Array[String]] = {
     JdbcUtils.withConnection(options) { conn =>
-      JdbcUtils.listSchemas(conn, options)
+      JdbcUtils.classifyException(s"Failed list namespaces", dialect) {
+        JdbcUtils.listSchemas(conn, options)
+      }
     }
   }