Enable clippy::allow_attributes lint for datafusion-catalog (#18973)

## Which issue does this PR close?

- Fixes part of #18881

## Rationale for this change

Replace #[allow] with #[expect] to enable automatic detection when lint
suppressions are no longer needed.

## What changes are included in this PR?

 Replace 4 #[allow] attributes with #[expect] in datafusion-catalog
  - Add #![deny(clippy::allow_attributes)] lint rule to lib.rs
  - Convert unused_variables and clippy::too_many_arguments suppressions

## Are these changes tested?

yes

## Are there any user-facing changes?

 No user-facing changes.

Author: chakkk309

datafusion/catalog/src/information_schema.rs

@@ -1167,7 +1167,7 @@ struct InformationSchemaRoutinesBuilder {
 }
 
 impl InformationSchemaRoutinesBuilder {
-    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    #[expect(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     fn add_routine(
         &mut self,
         catalog_name: impl AsRef<str>,
@@ -1301,7 +1301,7 @@ struct InformationSchemaParametersBuilder {
 }
 
 impl InformationSchemaParametersBuilder {
-    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    #[expect(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     fn add_parameter(
         &mut self,
         specific_catalog: impl AsRef<str>,

datafusion/catalog/src/lib.rs

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #![cfg_attr(not(test), deny(clippy::clone_on_ref_ptr))]
 #![deny(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
 #![cfg_attr(test, allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value))]
+#![deny(clippy::allow_attributes)]
 
 //! Interfaces and default implementations of catalogs and schemas.
 //!

datafusion/catalog/src/schema.rs

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ pub trait SchemaProvider: Debug + Sync + Send {
     ///
     /// If a table of the same name was already registered, returns "Table
     /// already exists" error.
-    #[allow(unused_variables)]
+    #[expect(unused_variables)]
     fn register_table(
         &self,
         name: String,
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ pub trait SchemaProvider: Debug + Sync + Send {
     /// schema and returns the previously registered [`TableProvider`], if any.
     ///
     /// If no `name` table exists, returns Ok(None).
-    #[allow(unused_variables)]
+    #[expect(unused_variables)]
     fn deregister_table(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Option<Arc<dyn TableProvider>>> {
         exec_err!("schema provider does not support deregistering tables")
     }