Fix #41975 - Dropped typecheck in GotoIfNot (#42010)

Recall the reproducer from the issue:
```
julia> f() = (if nothing; end; unsafe_load(Ptr{Int}(0)))
f (generic function with 1 method)

julia> f()
Unreachable reached at 0x7fb33bb50090

signal (4): Illegal instruction
in expression starting at REPL[13]:1
unsafe_load at ./pointer.jl:105 [inlined]
unsafe_load at ./pointer.jl:105 [inlined]
```

There were actually two places where we were dropping the
GotoIfNot, one in type annotation after inference, one in
SSA conversion. The one in SSA conversion was structural:
When both branches target the same jump destination, the
GotoIfNot would be dropped. This was fine in general, except
that as shown above, GotoIfNot can actually itself have
a side effect, namely throwing a type error if the condition
is not a boolean. Thus in order to actually drop the node
we need to prove that the error check does not fire.

The reason we want to drop the GotoIfNot node here is
that IRCode has an invariant that every basic block is
in the predecessor list only once (otherwise PhiNodes
would have to carry extra state regarding which branch
they refer to).

To fix this, insert an `Expr(:call, typecheck, _, Bool)`
when dropping the GotoIfNot. We do lose the ability to
distinguish the GotoIfNot from literal typechecks as
a result, but at the moment they generate identical
errors. If we ever wanted to dinstinguish them, we could
create another typecheck intrinsic that throws a different
error or use an approach like #41994.

(cherry picked from commit 2445000)

Author: Keno

base/compiler/ssair/slot2ssa.jl

@@ -817,7 +817,7 @@ function construct_ssa!(ci::CodeInfo, ir::IRCode, domtree::DomTree, defuse, narg
             new_dest = block_for_inst(cfg, stmt.dest)
             if new_dest == bb+1
                 # Drop this node - it's a noop
-                new_code[idx] = stmt.cond
+                new_code[idx] = Expr(:call, GlobalRef(Core, :typeassert), stmt.cond, GlobalRef(Core, :Bool))
             else
                 new_code[idx] = GotoIfNot(stmt.cond, new_dest)
             end

base/compiler/typeinfer.jl

@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ function type_annotate!(sv::InferenceState, run_optimizer::Bool)
         expr = body[i]
         if isa(expr, GotoIfNot)
             if !isa(states[expr.dest], VarTable)
-                body[i] = expr.cond
+                body[i] = Expr(:call, GlobalRef(Core, :typeassert), expr.cond, GlobalRef(Core, :Bool))
             end
         end
     end

test/compiler/ssair.jl

@@ -310,3 +310,7 @@ let cfg = CFG(BasicBlock[
     Compiler.domtree_insert_edge!(domtree, cfg.blocks, 1, 3)
     @test domtree.idoms_bb == Compiler.naive_idoms(cfg.blocks) == [0, 1, 1, 3, 1, 4]
 end
+
+# Issue #41975 - SSA conversion drops type check
+f_if_typecheck() = (if nothing; end; unsafe_load(Ptr{Int}(0)))
+@test_throws TypeError f_if_typecheck()