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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Vortex: Democratizing Sparse Attention</title>
<!-- Tailwind CSS -->
<script src="https://cdn.tailwindcss.com"></script>
<!-- React & ReactDOM (Stable 18.2.0) -->
<script src="https://unpkg.com/react@18.2.0/umd/react.development.js" crossorigin></script>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/react-dom@18.2.0/umd/react-dom.development.js" crossorigin></script>
<!-- Prop-Types (Required for Recharts) -->
<script src="https://unpkg.com/prop-types/prop-types.min.js"></script>
<!-- Babel for JSX -->
<script src="https://unpkg.com/@babel/standalone/babel.min.js"></script>
<!-- Recharts (Stable 2.12.7) -->
<script src="https://unpkg.com/recharts@2.12.7/umd/Recharts.js"></script>
<style>
body { font-family: 'Inter', sans-serif; }
.loader {
border: 4px solid #f3f3f3;
border-top: 4px solid #3b82f6;
border-radius: 50%;
width: 30px;
height: 30px;
animation: spin 1s linear infinite;
}
@keyframes spin { 0% { transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { transform: rotate(360deg); } }
</style>
<link
rel="stylesheet"
href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.9/dist/katex.min.css"
/>
<script
defer
src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.9/dist/katex.min.js"
></script>
</head>
<body class="bg-slate-50">
<div id="root" class="min-h-screen flex items-center justify-center">
<div class="text-slate-400 flex flex-col items-center gap-4">
<div class="loader"></div>
<p>Loading Vortex Blog...</p>
</div>
</div>
<script type="text/babel">
try {
if (!window.React || !window.ReactDOM || !window.Recharts) {
throw new Error("External libraries failed to load.");
}
const { useState, useEffect } = React;
const { BarChart, Bar, XAxis, YAxis, CartesianGrid, Tooltip, Legend, ResponsiveContainer, Cell } = Recharts;
// --- Icons ---
const Icon = ({ name, className }) => {
const paths = {
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Box: "M21 16V8a2 2 0 0 0-1-1.73l-7-4a2 2 0 0 0-2 0l-7 4A2 2 0 0 0 3 8v8a2 2 0 0 0 1 1.73l7 4a2 2 0 0 0 2 0l7-4A2 2 0 0 0 21 16zM3.27 6.96L12 12.01l8.73-5.05M12 22.08V12",
Lock: "M19 11H5a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v6a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-6a2 2 0 0 0-2-2zm-7-9a6 6 0 0 1 6 6v3h-12v-3a6 6 0 0 1 6-6z",
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return (
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" strokeWidth="2" strokeLinecap="round" strokeLinejoin="round" className={className}>
{paths[name] ? <path d={paths[name]} /> : <circle cx="12" cy="12" r="10"/>}
{name === 'Check' && <polyline points="20 6 9 17 5 12" />}
{name === 'GitBranch' && <g><line x1="6" y1="3" x2="6" y2="15"></line><circle cx="18" cy="6" r="3"></circle><circle cx="6" cy="18" r="3"></circle><path d="M18 9a9 9 0 0 1-9 9"></path></g>}
{name === 'Layers' && <polyline points="2 17 12 22 22 17" />}
{name === 'Layers' && <polyline points="2 12 12 17 22 12" />}
</svg>
);
};
// --- Data ---
// --- Components ---
const SectionHeader = ({ title }) => (
<div className="flex items-center gap-3 mb-6 mt-12">
<h2 className="text-2xl font-bold text-slate-900 tracking-tight">{title}</h2>
</div>
);
const Callout = ({ title, children, type = "default" }) => {
const colors = {
default: "bg-slate-50 border-slate-200 text-slate-700",
warning: "bg-amber-50 border-amber-200 text-amber-800",
success: "bg-green-50 border-green-200 text-green-800",
};
const icons = {
default: "Box",
warning: "AlertTriangle",
success: "Zap",
};
return (
<div className={`p-6 rounded-lg mb-8 border ${colors[type]}`}>
<h3 className="font-bold text-sm uppercase tracking-wide mb-3 flex items-center gap-2">
<Icon name={icons[type]} className="w-4 h-4" /> {title}
</h3>
<div className="text-sm leading-relaxed opacity-90">{children}</div>
</div>
);
};
const SystemDilemma = () => (
<div className="grid md:grid-cols-2 gap-6 my-8">
<div className="border border-slate-200 rounded-xl p-6 bg-white hover:shadow-md transition-shadow">
<div className="w-10 h-10 bg-slate-100 rounded-lg flex items-center justify-center mb-4">
<Icon name="Lock" className="w-5 h-5 text-slate-600" />
</div>
<h4 className="font-bold text-slate-900 mb-2">Full Stack Builder</h4>
<p className="text-xs text-slate-500 mb-4">Tight coupling of algo & kernel.</p>
<ul className="text-sm text-slate-600 space-y-2">
<li className="flex gap-2"><span className="text-green-500">✓</span> High Performance</li>
<li className="flex gap-2"><span className="text-red-500">✗</span> Zero Flexibility</li>
<li className="flex gap-2"><span className="text-red-500">✗</span> Maintenance Nightmare</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div className="border border-slate-200 rounded-xl p-6 bg-white hover:shadow-md transition-shadow">
<div className="w-10 h-10 bg-slate-100 rounded-lg flex items-center justify-center mb-4">
<Icon name="Server" className="w-5 h-5 text-slate-600" />
</div>
<h4 className="font-bold text-slate-900 mb-2">General Purpose Builder</h4>
<p className="text-xs text-slate-500 mb-4">Broad platform support.</p>
<ul className="text-sm text-slate-600 space-y-2">
<li className="flex gap-2"><span className="text-green-500">✓</span> Stable Platform</li>
<li className="flex gap-2"><span className="text-red-500">✗</span> Slow Adoption</li>
<li className="flex gap-2"><span className="text-red-500">✗</span> Limited Algorithm Support</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
);
const DeepLearningArchitecture = () => (
// Outer Container (Mimics Terminal Window)
<div className="my-10 bg-slate-900 rounded-xl shadow-2xl ring-1 ring-slate-900/5">
{/* Title Bar */}
<div className="bg-slate-800/50 px-6 py-3 border-b border-slate-700/50 flex justify-between items-center">
<h3 className="text-sm font-bold text-slate-300 uppercase tracking-wide">Deep Learning System</h3>
<div className="flex gap-1.5">
<div className="w-2.5 h-2.5 rounded-full bg-red-500/50"></div>
<div className="w-2.5 h-2.5 rounded-full bg-yellow-500/50"></div>
<div className="w-2.5 h-2.5 rounded-full bg-green-500/50"></div>
</div>
</div>
{/* Content Area */}
<div className="p-8 relative">
<div className="flex flex-col gap-8 max-w-lg mx-auto relative z-10">
{/* 1. Frontend Layer (User Interface) */}
<div className="bg-slate-800 border border-purple-500/50 p-5 rounded-lg flex flex-col shadow-lg transform transition-transform hover:-translate-y-1">
<div className="flex items-center gap-4 mb-3">
{/* Icon: Brain/User */}
<div className="p-2 bg-purple-500/10 rounded-lg">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" className="w-6 h-6 text-purple-400" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" strokeWidth={2}>
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</svg>
</div>
<h4 className="font-bold text-slate-200 text-lg">1. Frontend</h4>
</div>
<p className="text-sm text-slate-400">
<strong>High-Level Abstraction:</strong> Simple, elegant, and Pythonic interface (e.g., PyTorch, TensorFlow APIs) for model/module definitions.
</p>
</div>
{/* Arrow Down */}
<div className="flex justify-center -my-2">
<div className="h-8 w-px bg-gradient-to-b from-purple-500 to-blue-500"></div>
</div>
{/* 2. Operator/Graph Layer (Optimization & Scheduling) */}
<div className="bg-blue-900/20 border border-blue-500/50 p-5 rounded-lg relative backdrop-blur-sm transform transition-transform hover:-translate-y-1">
<div className="absolute -top-3 left-4 px-2 py-0.5 bg-blue-600 text-white text-[10px] font-bold rounded shadow-sm">OPTIMIZER 1</div>
<div className="flex items-start gap-4">
{/* Icon: Layers/Branch */}
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" className="w-8 h-8 text-blue-400 mt-1" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" strokeWidth={2}>
<path strokeLinecap="round" strokeLinejoin="round" d="M4 7v10a4 4 0 004 4h4m-4 0v-4m0 4h-4m4-10v4m0-4h4m4 10v4m0-4h-4m4-4V7a4 4 0 00-4-4h-4a4 4 0 00-4 4v3" />
</svg>
<div className="flex-1">
<h4 className="font-bold text-blue-100 text-lg mb-2">2. Computation Graph</h4>
<ul className="list-disc list-inside text-sm text-slate-300 ml-2 space-y-1">
<li><strong>Graph Construction:</strong> Converts model definition into a computational graph.</li>
<li><strong>Optimization:</strong> Performs operator <strong>fusion</strong>, <strong>parallelization</strong>, and memory management.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
{/* Arrow Down */}
<div className="flex justify-center -my-2">
<div className="h-8 w-px bg-gradient-to-b from-blue-500 to-green-500"></div>
</div>
{/* 3. Kernel/Hardware Layer (Execution Engine) */}
<div className="bg-slate-800 border border-green-500/50 p-5 rounded-lg flex flex-col shadow-lg opacity-90 transform transition-transform hover:-translate-y-1">
<div className="absolute -top-3 left-4 px-2 py-0.5 bg-blue-600 text-white text-[10px] font-bold rounded shadow-sm">OPTIMIZER 2</div>
<div className="flex items-center gap-4 mb-3">
{/* Icon: CPU/Hardware */}
<div className="p-2 bg-green-500/10 rounded-lg">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" className="w-6 h-6 text-green-400" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" strokeWidth={2}>
<rect x="3" y="3" width="18" height="18" rx="2" ry="2"></rect>
<line x1="8" y1="8" x2="16" y2="8"></line>
<line x1="8" y1="12" x2="16" y2="12"></line>
<line x1="8" y1="16" x2="16" y2="16"></line>
</svg>
</div>
<h4 className="font-bold text-slate-200 text-lg">3. Kernel</h4>
</div>
<p className="text-sm text-slate-400">
<strong>Low-Level Implementation:</strong> Generates highly optimized <strong>Kernels</strong> (e.g., CUDA, ROCm) for seamless deployment across various hardware.
</p>
{/* 图示: Hardware */}
<div className="mt-3 flex justify-around p-3 bg-slate-950 rounded border border-slate-700 shadow-inner">
<span className="text-sm text-red-400 font-medium flex items-center gap-1">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" className="w-4 h-4" viewBox="0 0 24 24" strokeWidth="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" strokeLinecap="round" strokeLinejoin="round"><path d="M7 10h3v4h-3v-4zM14 7h7m-7 4h7m-7 4h7" /><rect x="3" y="7" width="4" height="10" rx="1"></rect></svg>
GPU
</span>
<span className="text-sm text-cyan-400 font-medium flex items-center gap-1">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" className="w-4 h-4" viewBox="0 0 24 24" strokeWidth="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" strokeLinecap="round" strokeLinejoin="round"><path d="M5 21l7-14 7 14M9 10l6 0" /></svg>
CPU
</span>
<span className="text-sm text-yellow-400 font-medium flex items-center gap-1">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" className="w-4 h-4" viewBox="0 0 24 24" strokeWidth="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" strokeLinecap="round" strokeLinejoin="round"><path d="M4 10h4l2 3v-3h2l2 3v-3h2l2 3v-3h2v4a3 3 0 0 1-3 3h-14a3 3 0 0 1-3-3v-4" /></svg>
NPU/ASIC
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
{/* Background Glows (For Aesthetic Effect) */}
<div className="absolute top-1/4 left-10 w-48 h-48 bg-blue-500/10 rounded-full blur-[60px]"></div>
<div className="absolute bottom-10 right-10 w-40 h-40 bg-purple-500/10 rounded-full blur-[60px]"></div>
</div>
</div>
);
const CoreChallenges = () => {
const colors = ["bg-yellow-50", "bg-green-50", "bg-purple-50"];
return (
<div className="my-10 space-y-4">
{[
{ title: "Determining what to cache", desc: "Centroids should be cached. Otherwise, all the key cache will be accessed every step.", icon: "Database" },
{ title: "Dispatching the right ops", desc: "Operators like mv, topk while semantically same as torch ops, the underlying storage of input tensor(might have a page or ragged format) they process is different.", icon: "GitBranch" },
{ title: "Leveraging Infrastructure", desc: "Attention kernels and memory manager are super-optimized. Reuse them.", icon: "Server" }
].map((item, i) => (
<div
key={i}
className={`flex items-start gap-4 p-4 rounded-lg border border-slate-100 ${colors[i]}`}
>
<div className="bg-white p-2 rounded shadow-sm">
<Icon name={item.icon} className="w-5 h-5 text-blue-500" />
</div>
<div>
<h4 className="font-bold text-slate-800 text-sm">{item.title}</h4>
<p className="text-sm text-slate-600">{item.desc}</p>
</div>
</div>
))}
</div>
);
};
const MathBlock = ({ latex, title }) => {
const mathRef = React.useRef(null);
useEffect(() => {
if (mathRef.current && window.katex) {
try {
window.katex.render(latex, mathRef.current, {
displayMode: true,
throwOnError: false,
});
} catch (e) {
console.error("KaTeX rendering error:", e);
mathRef.current.innerHTML = `<span style="color:red;">Error rendering formula: ${e.message}</span>`;
}
}
}, [latex]);
return (
<div className="my-8 p-6 bg-blue-50 border-2 border-blue-200 rounded-xl shadow-inner">
{title && (
<h3 className="font-bold text-sm text-blue-700 uppercase tracking-wider mb-3 border-b border-blue-200 pb-2">
{title}
</h3>
)}
<div ref={mathRef} className="text-xl text-slate-800 text-center py-2">
{latex}
</div>
</div>
);
};
const BlockSparseAttentionVortexExample = () => (
// Outer Container (Mimics IDE/Terminal Window)
<div className="my-10 w-full max-w-xl mx-auto bg-slate-900 rounded-xl shadow-2xl ring-1 ring-slate-900/5">
{/* Title Bar */}
<div className="bg-slate-800/50 px-4 sm:px-6 py-3 border-b border-slate-700/50 flex justify-between items-center">
<h3 className="text-xs sm:text-sm font-bold text-slate-300 uppercase tracking-wide">
BlockSparseAttention.py
</h3>
<div className="flex gap-1.5">
<div className="w-2.5 h-2.5 rounded-full bg-red-500/50" />
<div className="w-2.5 h-2.5 rounded-full bg-yellow-500/50" />
<div className="w-2.5 h-2.5 rounded-full bg-green-500/50" />
</div>
</div>
{/* Code Content */}
<pre
className="
p-3 sm:p-5
font-mono text-[11px] sm:text-sm text-slate-300
whitespace-pre-wrap break-words
max-w-full
"
>
<code className="block whitespace-pre-wrap break-words">
<span className="text-yellow-400">@register</span>(
<span className="text-green-500">"block_sparse_attention"</span>)
<br />
<span className="text-blue-500">class</span>{" "}
<span className="text-cyan-400">BlockSparseAttention</span>(
<span className="text-cyan-400">vFlow</span>):
<br />
<br />
<span className="text-blue-500">def</span>{" "}
<span className="text-yellow-400">__init__</span>(
<span className="text-orange-400">self</span>):
<br />
super().
<span className="text-yellow-400">__init__</span>()
<br />
<br />
<span className="text-orange-400">self</span>.
<span className="text-red-400">gemv</span> = GeMV()
<br />
<span className="text-orange-400">self</span>.
<span className="text-red-400">output_func</span> = topK()
<br />
<span className="text-orange-400">self</span>.
<span className="text-red-400">reduction</span> = Mean(
<span className="text-orange-400">dim</span>=
<span className="text-purple-400">1</span>)
<br />
<br />
<span className="text-blue-500">def</span>{" "}
<span className="text-yellow-400">forward_indexer</span>(
<span className="text-orange-400">self</span>, q, o,
<br />
cache, ctx):
<br />
<span className="text-red-400">q_mean</span> = q.
<span className="text-yellow-400">mean</span>(
<span className="text-orange-400">dim</span>=
<span className="text-purple-400">1</span>,{" "}
<span className="text-orange-400">keepdim</span>=
<span className="text-blue-400">True</span>)
<br />
<span className="text-red-400">score</span> ={" "}
<span className="text-orange-400">self</span>.
<span className="text-yellow-400">gemv</span>(
<span className="text-red-400">q_mean</span>,
<br />
cache[
<span className="text-green-500">"centroids"</span>],{" "}
<span className="text-orange-400">ctx</span>=
<span className="text-red-400">ctx</span>)
<br />
<span className="text-orange-400">self</span>.
<span className="text-red-400">output_func</span>(
<span className="text-red-400">score</span>, o,
<br />
<span className="text-orange-400">ctx</span>=
<span className="text-red-400">ctx</span>)
<br />
<br />
<span className="text-blue-500">def</span>{" "}
<span className="text-yellow-400">forward_cache</span>(
<span className="text-orange-400">self</span>,
<br />
cache: Dict[
<span className="text-green-500">"str"</span>, torch.
<span className="text-cyan-400">Tensor</span>],
<br />
loc: torch.
<span className="text-cyan-400">Tensor</span>, ctx:
<span className="text-cyan-400">ContextBase</span>):
<br />
<span className="text-orange-400">self</span>.
<span className="text-red-400">reduction</span>(
<br />
cache[
<span className="text-green-500">"k"</span>], cache[
<span className="text-green-500">"centroids"</span>],
<br />
loc=
<span className="text-red-400">loc</span>,{" "}
<span className="text-orange-400">ctx</span>=
<span className="text-red-400">ctx</span>)
<br />
<br />
<span className="text-blue-500">def</span>{" "}
<span className="text-yellow-400">create_cache</span>(
<span className="text-orange-400">self</span>,
<br />
page_size:{" "}
<span className="text-cyan-400">int</span>, head_dim:{" "}
<span className="text-cyan-400">int</span>):
<br />
<span className="text-blue-400">return</span>{" "}
{"{"}
<br />
<span className="text-green-500">"centroids"</span>
<span className="text-slate-400">: </span>(
<span className="text-purple-400">1</span>,{" "}
<span className="text-red-400">head_dim</span>)
<br />
{"}"}
</code>
</pre>
</div>
);
const BlockSparseAttentionExample = () => {
// Tailwind classes for code highlighting
const Highlight = ({ children, color }) => {
const colors = {
yellow: "bg-amber-200/50 text-slate-900", // Soft Amber
green: "bg-green-200/50 text-slate-900", // Soft Green
purple: "bg-indigo-200/50 text-slate-900" // Soft Indigo
};
return (
<span className={`px-1 py-0.5 rounded ${colors[color]}`}>
{children}
</span>
);
};
return (
<div className="my-10 max-w-full">
<h3 className="text-base sm:text-lg font-bold text-slate-900 mb-4 flex items-center gap-2">
<Icon name="Code" className="w-5 h-5 text-blue-500" />
Block Sparse Attention Code Example
</h3>
<div
className="
bg-slate-800
p-3 sm:p-4 md:p-6
rounded-xl shadow-xl
text-[11px] sm:text-xs md:text-sm
font-mono text-slate-200
border border-slate-700
max-w-full
"
>
<pre className="whitespace-pre-wrap break-words">
<span className="text-blue-400">import</span> torch{"\n"}
{"\n"}
<span className="text-blue-400">def</span>{" "}
<span className="text-yellow-300">block_sparse_attention</span>(q, k, v):{"\n"}
{" "}
<Highlight color="yellow">centroids = k.mean(dim=-2)</Highlight>{"\n"}
{" "}
<span className="text-slate-500"># save in cache</span>{"\n"}
{"\n"}
{" "}
score = <Highlight color="green">torch.mv(centroids, q)</Highlight>{"\n"}
{" "}
indices = <Highlight color="green">torch.topk(score)</Highlight>{"\n"}
{" "}
<span className="text-slate-500"># customized op</span>{"\n"}
{"\n"}
{" "}
o = <Highlight color="purple">attention</Highlight>(
q, <Highlight color="purple">k[indices]</Highlight>,{" "}
<Highlight color="purple">v[indices]</Highlight>){"\n"}
{" "}
<span className="text-slate-500">
# call attention backend & memory
</span>{"\n"}
{" "}
<span className="text-slate-500">
# manager in the serving system
</span>{"\n"}
{"\n"}
{" "}
<span className="text-blue-400">return</span> o{"\n"}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
);
};
// --- END NEW COMPONENT ---
const VortexArchitectureDiagram = () => (
<div className="my-10 bg-slate-900 rounded-xl overflow-hidden shadow-2xl ring-1 ring-slate-900/5 text-slate-300">
<div className="bg-slate-800/50 px-6 py-3 border-b border-slate-700/50 flex justify-between items-center">
<h3 className="text-sm font-bold text-white uppercase tracking-wide">Vortex Architecture</h3>
<span className="text-xs font-mono text-blue-400">v1.0</span>
</div>
<div className="p-8 relative grid gap-6">
{/* Top: PyTorch Interface */}
<div className="relative z-10">
<div className="absolute -left-4 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 -rotate-90 text-[10px] font-bold text-slate-500 tracking-widest uppercase">User</div>
<div className="bg-slate-800 border border-slate-600 p-4 rounded-lg">
<div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-2">
<Icon name="Code" className="w-4 h-4 text-green-400" />
<span className="text-sm font-bold text-slate-100">PyTorch Frontend</span>
</div>
<p className="text-xs text-slate-400">Write sparse attention logic in Python. Use standard ops.</p>
</div>
</div>
{/* Middle: The Bridge */}
<div className="flex justify-center -my-3 relative z-0">
<div className="h-8 w-0.5 bg-gradient-to-b from-slate-600 to-blue-500"></div>
</div>
{/* Middle: Vortex Core */}
<div className="relative z-10">
<div className="absolute -left-4 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 -rotate-90 text-[10px] font-bold text-blue-500 tracking-widest uppercase">Vortex</div>
<div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-4">
<div className="bg-blue-900/20 border border-blue-500/50 p-4 rounded-lg">
<span className="text-xs font-mono text-blue-300 block mb-1">Phase 1</span>
<h4 className="font-bold text-white text-sm">forward_cache</h4>
<p className="text-[10px] text-slate-400 mt-1">Computes centroids, keys, & layout.</p>
</div>
<div className="bg-blue-900/20 border border-blue-500/50 p-4 rounded-lg">
<span className="text-xs font-mono text-blue-300 block mb-1">Phase 2</span>
<h4 className="font-bold text-white text-sm">forward_indexer</h4>
<p className="text-[10px] text-slate-400 mt-1">Selects indices (top-K, sampling).</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
{/* Bottom: System */}
<div className="flex justify-center -my-3 relative z-0">
<div className="h-8 w-0.5 bg-gradient-to-b from-blue-500 to-slate-600"></div>
</div>
<div className="relative z-10">
<div className="absolute -left-4 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 -rotate-90 text-[10px] font-bold text-slate-500 tracking-widest uppercase">System</div>
<div className="bg-slate-800 border border-slate-600 p-4 rounded-lg flex divide-x divide-slate-700">
<div className="flex-1 px-4 text-center">
<Icon name="Database" className="w-5 h-5 text-purple-400 mx-auto mb-2" />
<h4 className="text-xs font-bold text-slate-300">Memory Manager</h4>
<p className="text-[10px] text-slate-500">KV Cache / Paging</p>
</div>
<div className="flex-1 px-4 text-center">
<Icon name="Cpu" className="w-5 h-5 text-green-400 mx-auto mb-2" />
<h4 className="text-xs font-bold text-slate-300">Attention Backend</h4>
<p className="text-[10px] text-slate-500">CUDA / Triton Kernels</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
);
const TensorInterfaceVisual = () => (
<div className="my-8 p-6 bg-slate-100 rounded-xl border border-slate-200 font-mono text-sm shadow-inner">
<div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-4 text-slate-500 text-xs uppercase font-bold tracking-wider">
<Icon name="Code" className="w-3 h-3" /> The Extended Tensor Abstraction
</div>
<div className="text-slate-800">
<span className="text-purple-600">class</span> <span className="text-yellow-600">vTensor</span>(Tensor):<br/>
<span className="text-slate-500"># Standard PyTorch data</span><br/>
self.data = data<br/>
<span className="text-slate-500"># The magic field</span><br/>
self.<span className="text-blue-600 font-bold">storage_format</span> = format <span className="text-slate-400">// e.g. Flat, Paged, Ragged</span>
</div>ß
</div>
);
// 示例数据：吞吐量，单位可以理解为 tokens/s
const performanceData = [
{
name: "H100 · Qwen3-0.6B",
baseline: 3071,
vortex: 8514,
},
{
name: "H100 · Qwen3-1.7B",
baseline: 2950,
vortex: 7550,
},
{
name: "H100 · Qwen3-4B",
baseline: 1786,
vortex: 4864,
},
{
name: "A100 · Qwen3-0.6B",
baseline: 1785,
vortex: 5087,
},
{
name: "A100 · Qwen3-1.7B",
baseline: 1694,
vortex: 4317,
},
{
name: "A100 · Qwen3-4B",
baseline: 1120,
vortex: 2760,
},
{
name: "L40 · Qwen3-0.6B",
baseline: 815,
vortex: 3326,
},
{
name: "A40 · Qwen3-0.6B",
baseline: 666,
vortex: 2670,
},
{
name: "A40 · Qwen3-1.7B",
baseline: 596,
vortex: 1943,
},
];
const chunkData = (data, size) => {
const result = [];
for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i += size) {
result.push(data.slice(i, i + size));
}
return result;
};
const PerformanceChart = () => {
const rows = chunkData(performanceData, 3); // 9 组 data -> 3 行，每行 3 个
return (
<div className="my-10 p-6 bg-white border border-slate-200 rounded-xl shadow-sm">
<h3 className="text-sm font-bold text-slate-500 uppercase tracking-wide mb-6">
Vortex Sparse Attention vs. Full Attention
</h3>
{/* 3 行 BarChart，每行显示 3 个柱子 */}
<div className="space-y-6">
{rows.map((rowData, rowIndex) => (
<div key={rowIndex} className="h-40 w-full">
<ResponsiveContainer width="100%" height="100%">
<BarChart
data={rowData}
margin={{ top: 10, right: 20, left: 10, bottom: 0 }}
>
<CartesianGrid
strokeDasharray="3 3"
vertical={false}
stroke="#f1f5f9"
/>
<XAxis
dataKey="name"
tick={{ fontSize: 12, fill: "#64748b" }}
axisLine={false}
tickLine={false}
/>
<YAxis hide />
<Tooltip
cursor={{ fill: "#f8fafc" }}
contentStyle={{
borderRadius: "8px",
border: "none",
boxShadow: "0 4px 6px -1px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.1)",
}}
/>
<Bar
dataKey="baseline"
name="Baseline"
fill="#e2e8f0"
radius={[4, 4, 0, 0]}
/>
<Bar
dataKey="vortex"
name="Vortex"
fill="#3b82f6"
radius={[4, 4, 0, 0]}
>
{rowData.map((entry, index) => {
const globalIndex = rowIndex * 3 + index; // 把行/列 index 映射回原来的 index
return (
<Cell
key={`cell-${rowIndex}-${index}`}
fill="#3b82f6"
/>
);
})}
</Bar>
</BarChart>
</ResponsiveContainer>
</div>
))}
</div>
{/* 汇总数值 */}
<div className="flex justify-center gap-8 mt-4">
<div className="text-center">
<p className="text-2xl font-bold text-slate-700">2.8x</p>
<p className="text-xs text-slate-500">Gain on H100</p>
</div>
<div className="text-center">
<p className="text-2xl font-bold text-slate-700">2.9x</p>
<p className="text-xs text-slate-500">Gain on A100</p>
</div>
<div className="text-center">
<p className="text-2xl font-bold text-slate-700">4.1x</p>
<p className="text-xs text-slate-500">Gain on L40</p>
</div>
<div className="text-center">
<p className="text-2xl font-bold text-slate-700">4.0x</p>
<p className="text-xs text-slate-500">Gain on A40</p>
</div>
</div>
{/* 基准说明 */}
<p className="mt-3 text-[11px] text-slate-500 text-center">
Benchmark: AIME24@8, 16K-token generation; Vortex with block size 16, 32 blocks each step; higher is better.
</p>
</div>
);
};
const VortexConfigurationDiagram = () => (
<div className="my-10 max-w-xl mx-auto bg-slate-900 rounded-xl shadow-2xl ring-1 ring-slate-900/5 p-8 relative overflow-hidden">
{/* Title/Description Area */}
<div className="text-center mb-8">
<h3 className="text-xl font-bold text-slate-200 mb-2">vFlow</h3>
</div>
{/* 三个竖直排列的 block */}
<div className="flex flex-col items-stretch gap-4 relative z-10">
{/* 1. create_cache */}
<div className="flex flex-col items-center text-center p-4 bg-slate-800 border border-yellow-500/50 rounded-lg shadow-md hover:shadow-xl transition-shadow duration-300 transform hover:-translate-y-1 w-full">
<div className="p-3 bg-yellow-500/10 rounded-full mb-3">
<svg
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
className="h-8 w-8 text-yellow-400"
fill="none"
viewBox="0 0 24 24"
stroke="currentColor"
strokeWidth={2}
>
<path strokeLinecap="round" strokeLinejoin="round" d="M10 20l4-16m4 4l4 4-4 4M6 16l-4-4 4-4" />
</svg>
</div>
<h4 className="font-bold text-yellow-300 text-base mb-1">1. create_cache()</h4>
<p className="text-xs text-slate-500 leading-tight">
<strong>Initialize Cache:</strong> Specifies the size and name of each page cache.
</p>
</div>
{/* 2. forward_cache */}
<div className="flex flex-col items-center text-center p-4 bg-slate-800 border border-red-500/50 rounded-lg shadow-md hover:shadow-xl transition-shadow duration-300 transform hover:-translate-y-1 w-full">
<div className="p-3 bg-red-500/10 rounded-full mb-3">
<svg
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
className="h-6 w-6 text-red-400"
fill="none"
viewBox="0 0 24 24"
stroke="currentColor"
strokeWidth={2}
>
<path
strokeLinecap="round"
strokeLinejoin="round"
d="M4 7v10a4 4 0 004 4h4m-4 0v-4m0 4h-4m4-10v4m0-4h4m4 10v4m0-4h-4m4-4V7a4 4 0 00-4-4h-4a4 4 0 00-4 4v3"
/>
</svg>
</div>
<h4 className="font-bold text-red-300 text-sm mb-1">2. forward_cache()</h4>
<p className="text-xs text-slate-500 leading-tight">Computes & Updates Cache Values.</p>
</div>
{/* 3. forward_indexer */}
<div className="flex flex-col items-center text-center p-4 bg-slate-800 border border-green-500/50 rounded-lg shadow-md hover:shadow-xl transition-shadow duration-300 transform hover:-translate-y-1 w-full">
<div className="p-3 bg-green-500/10 rounded-full mb-3">
<svg
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
className="h-6 w-6 text-green-400"
fill="none"
viewBox="0 0 24 24"
stroke="currentColor"
strokeWidth={2}
>
<path
strokeLinecap="round"
strokeLinejoin="round"
d="M9 12h6m-6 4h6m2 5H7a2 2 0 01-2-2V5a2 2 0 012-2h5.586a1 1 0 01.707.293l5.414 5.414a1 1 0 01.293.707V19a2 2 0 01-2 2z"
/>
</svg>
</div>
<h4 className="font-bold text-green-300 text-sm mb-1">3. forward_indexer()</h4>
<p className="text-xs text-slate-500 leading-tight">Consumes Cache to Compute Indices.</p>
</div>
</div>
{/* Background Glows */}
<div className="absolute top-1/4 left-10 w-48 h-48 bg-blue-500/10 rounded-full blur-[60px]"></div>
<div className="absolute bottom-10 right-10 w-40 h-40 bg-purple-500/10 rounded-full blur-[60px]"></div>
</div>
);
// --- Main Component ---
const App = () => {
const [mounted, setMounted] = useState(false);
useEffect(() => setMounted(true), []);
if (!mounted) return null;
return (
<div className="min-h-screen bg-slate-50 font-sans text-slate-800 leading-relaxed">
<div className="max-w-3xl mx-auto bg-white min-h-screen shadow-lg border-x border-slate-100">
{/* Header */}
<header className="pt-16 pb-8 px-8 md:px-12">
<div className="flex gap-3 mb-6">
<span className="px-3 py-1 bg-blue-100 text-blue-700 text-xs font-bold uppercase tracking-wide rounded-full">ML Systems</span>
<span className="px-3 py-1 bg-purple-100 text-purple-700 text-xs font-bold uppercase tracking-wide rounded-full">Research</span>
</div>
<h1 className="text-4xl md:text-5xl font-extrabold mb-6 text-slate-900 tracking-tight leading-tight">
Vortex: Democratizing <br/>
<span className="text-blue-600">Sparse Attention</span>
</h1>
<div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-4 text-sm text-slate-500 mb-8">
<a
href="https://github.com/Infini-AI-Lab/vortex_torch/tree/v1"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener noreferrer"
className="inline-flex items-center gap-2 hover:text-blue-600 transition-colors"
>
<Icon name="Code" className="w-4 h-4" />
<span>Code</span>
</a>
<a
href="https://infini-ai-lab.github.io/vortex_torch/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener noreferrer"
className="inline-flex items-center gap-2 hover:text-blue-600 transition-colors"
>
<Icon name="FileText" className="w-4 h-4" />
<span>Document</span>
</a>
</div>
</header>
<main className="px-8 md:px-12 pb-20">
{}
<PerformanceChart />
{/* 两张图片的竖直叠放块 */}
<div className="my-10 max-w-xl mx-auto bg-white rounded-xl shadow-2xl ring-1 ring-slate-900/5 p-6">
<h3 className="text-sm font-bold text-slate-500 uppercase tracking-wide mb-6">
Sparse Attention RL with Vortex
</h3>
<div className="space-y-3">
<img
src="reward.jpg"
alt="Reward Curve"
className="w-full rounded-lg border border-slate-800 object-cover"
/>
<img
src="aime24.jpg"
alt="AIME24 Curve"
className="w-full rounded-lg border border-slate-800 object-cover"
/>
</div>
<p className="mt-4 text-xs text-slate-400 text-center">
Model: Qwen3-4B; Generation Length: 8192; Dataset: Polaris-53K
</p>
</div>
{/* 结束：竖直图片 block */}
{/* Motivation */}
<SectionHeader title="1. Motivation" />
<p className="text-lg text-slate-700 mb-6">
The rise of sparse attention models, such as DeepSeek DSA, MoBA, and NSA, coupled with dramatic cost reductions and performance gains, underscores the need to develop these techniques.
</p>
<p className="text-slate-700 mb-6">
However, a disconnect exists. ML developers introduce algorithms that never reach production, while system developers are forced into an unavoidable trade-off.
</p>
<SystemDilemma />
<p className="text-slate-700 mb-6 italic border-l-4 border-blue-500 pl-4 py-2 bg-slate-50">
"Progress slows not because the ideas aren’t good, but because making them run in scale is exhausting."
</p>
{/* Ideal Framework */}
<SectionHeader title="2. What is an ideal framework?" />
<p className="text-slate-700 mb-6">
A helpful analogy comes from the evolution of Deep Learning. <strong>PyTorch</strong> succeeded because it separated concerns:
</p>
<DeepLearningArchitecture />
<p className="text-slate-700">
In contrast, to play with a sparse attention algorithm, users need to be a full-stack expert: from algorithm design to kernel implementation. Definitely, Sparse attention deserves the same kind of ecosystem as deep learning.
</p>
{/* Challenges */}
<SectionHeader title="3. Core Challenges" />
<p className="text-slate-700">
Establishing a proper abstraction for sparse attention models has extra difficulty from torch. Torch focuses on one-time computation where everything is explicit, while we need to consider the tensors are coming from a serving system. To make this clear, we introduce the core challenges from a well-known example of sparse attention, e.g., block sparse attention.
</p>
{/* --- NEW PLACEMENT --- */}
<BlockSparseAttentionExample />
<p className="text-slate-700 mb-6">
The code above, while algorithmically correct, faces the following three challenges when attempting to run efficiently and faithfully.
</p>
<CoreChallenges />
{/* Vortex Solution */}
<SectionHeader title="4. Vortex" />
<p className="text-slate-700 mb-6">
Vortex is the bridge. It lets developers write sparse attention like standard PyTorch, yet gives serving systems the structure they need to execute efficiently.
</p>
<p className="text-slate-700 mb-6">
Below is the block sparse attention written in Vortex, where we introduce 3 nice features.
</p>
<BlockSparseAttentionVortexExample />
<h3 className="font-bold text-lg text-slate-900 mt-8 mb-4">4.1 Simple Entry and Definition</h3>
<div className="mb-6 rounded-lg border border-slate-200 bg-slate-50 px-4 py-3 text-sm leading-relaxed text-slate-700">
<p>
Users define a sparse attention algorithm by subclassing{" "}
<span className="font-semibold text-slate-900">vFlow</span>. The subclass exposes three key entry points:
</p>
<ul className="mt-2 list-disc list-inside space-y-1">
<li>
<span className="font-mono text-xs bg-slate-200/70 px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded">
create_cache
</span>
<span className="ml-1">
defines the shape and name of the cache.
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span className="font-mono text-xs bg-slate-200/70 px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded">
forward_cache
</span>
<span className="ml-1">
specifies how the cache is computed and updated.
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span className="font-mono text-xs bg-slate-200/70 px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded">
forward_indexer